46 PRACTICE OF EQUINE MEDICINE. 



Define each. 



Quickened or accelerated breathing is where there is a simple 

 numerical increase of the respirations ; seen from any cause which 

 increases the circulation. 



Difficult breathing, or dyspnoea, is due to some obstruction to 

 the passage of air into the lungs, thus causing labored breathing ; 

 seen in diseases of the larynx, trachea, etc. 



Abdominal breathing is where the muscles of that region are 

 brought into play almost altogether ; seen in pleurisy, hydro-thorax. 



Thoracic breathing is where this region is entirely or mostly 

 used ; seen in ascites, tympanites. 



Irregular breathing is where there is a want of harmony be- 

 tween the inspiratory and expiratory acts ; seen in pulmonary em- 

 physema. 



Snoring or stertorous breathing is characterized by a peculiar 

 sound, called snoring, during inspiration, and ofttimes indicates 

 serious cerebral trouble. 



What is understood by a cough ? 



A cough is a deep inspiration, with the closure of the glottis, 

 followed by a sudden forced expiration, which is obstructed on ac- 

 count of the sudden closure of the glottis ; the abdominal muscles 

 are then brought into play, pushing the intestines against the dia- 

 phragm, which, in turn, presses the air in the lungs till the tension 

 is such as to cause a separation of the vocal cords, with the char- 

 acteristic sound called cough. 



What is the object of a cough ? 



It is to rid the air-passages of any foreign substance, which is 

 generally mucus. 



What are the varieties of cough ? 



A moist cough, a dry cough, and a suppressed cough. 



Define each. 



A moist, expectorant cough is generally seen in a diseased con- 

 dition of the mucous membranes of the air-passages where the 

 secretion of mucus is increased. 



A hard, dry, painful, non-expectorant cough is seen where there 

 is an arrest of the secretions of the air-passages. 



