DISEASES OP THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 119 



In percussion of the normal chest what is obtained ? 



A clear or normal pulmonary resonance; as there is no exact 

 standard, both sides should be percussed and compared to obtain 

 the standard for each animal. 



Name some of the abnormal sounds. 



(1) Hyper-resonance, (2) dulness, (3) tympanitic. 



What is hyper-resonance ? 



It is where there is more air present than is normally found, 

 and for this reason elicits, on percussion, what is known as in- 

 creased resonance, or hyper-resonance. 



In what conditions do we obtain hyper-resonance ? 



In pulmonary emphysema, atrophy of the lungs, consolidation 

 of the opposite lung. 



Define dulness. 



Dulness is the absence of resonance, and is due to an increase 

 of solid material in proportion to the amount of air. 



The pitch is increased or heightened, according to the amount 

 of air and the increase of the solid tissue. 



What is flatness ? 



If there be an entire absence of resonance, the sound elicited 

 is called or said to be flat. 



Where may dulness be obtained ? 



In the so-called second and third stages of pneumonia, in 

 tuberculosis, and in some cases of pleurisy. 



Flatness is obtained when percussing over fluid, as in pleurisy 

 with effusion, hydrothorax, ascites, etc. 



What is the tympanitic sound? 



This is a drum-like sound, ringing in character, and higher 

 pitched than the normal resonance, and is non-vesicular. 



Explain the amphoric sound. 



The amphoric or metallic sound is a tympanitic sound of high 

 pitch, confined to one place, and is heard over a large cavity. 



Describe cracked-pot sound. 



Also a variety of the tympanitic sound; is heard over a cavity 

 that communicates with the bronchial tubes. 



