DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 121 



Describe diminished respiration. 



There is a diminished intensity and duration of the sound 

 and is seen in old animals. 



"When is the murmur absent ? 



This occurs whenever there is a blocking up of the bronchial 

 tubes or air-cells, or a filling of the pleural cavity with fluid, and 

 thus causing pressure. 



What changes may take place in the rhythm of the res- 

 piratory murmur? 



It may be interrupted, the interval between the inspiratory and 

 expiratory acts prolonged, or the expiratory act prolonged. 



How may the quality of the respiratory murmur be 

 changed ? 



It may be harsh, bronchial, cavernous, or amphoric. 



Define each. 



Harsh respiration, or broncho-vesicular breathing, is where both 

 the inspiratory and expiratory sounds have lost their softness, and 

 usually indicates consolidation of lung-tissue. 



Bronchial respiration is characterized by the absence of all 

 vesicular quality. Inspiration is high-pitched and tubular, while 

 expiration is still higher pitched, prolonged, and tubular. 



Cavernous respiration is a blowing sound, and not always heard 

 during both acts of respiration. It is heard over a cavity com- 

 municating with the bronchial tubes. 



Amphoric respiration is a blowing respiration, having a metal- 

 lic or musical quality, and is heard over a large cavity with firm 

 walls. 



Define rales. 



Bales are adventitious sounds, so-called because they have no 

 analogue in health. They cannot be considered as modifications 

 of respiration. 



How may rales be divided ? 



They may be divided according to their character and accord- 

 ing to their anatomical situation. 



