DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. 123 



What are cavernous rales ? 



These are called gurgling rales, and heard over pulmonary 

 cavities containing liquid and connecting with the bronchial tubes. 



What are pleural rales ? 



They are sounds produced by the movement of the pleura, 

 and may be dry or moist. 



The dry pleural rale, or friction sound, is present in the first 

 stage of pleurisy, produced by the rubbing together of the two 

 roughened layers of the pleura. 



The moist pleural rale may be heard in the third stage of 

 pleurisy, as the fluid is becoming absorbed and the layers of the 

 pleura are moist. 



It may also be called the rubbing and sticking sound. 



The metallic tinkling sound is heard especially during the 

 second stage of pleurisy with effusion. It may be heard by apply- 

 ing the ear over the chest above the line of fluid, or, better, at the 

 nostril. 



2. DISEASES OF THE NASAL PASSAGE. 



NASAL CATAEEH. 



How many and what are the forms of nasal catarrh ? 



There are two forms, the acute nasal catarrh and chronic nasal 

 catarrh. 



ACUTE NASAL CATAEEH. 



What are the synonyms? 



Coryza, acute rhinitis, cold in the head. 



Define acute nasal catarrh. 



Catarrh signifies to flow down. It is an acute catarrhal in- 

 flammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity, char- 

 acterized by fever and a discharge from the mucous membrane of 

 the nose. 



Give the causes of coryza. 



Primary or so-called idiopathic coryza may arise from atmos- 

 pheric changes, seen especially in the spring and autumn, when 

 there is a chilling of the skin. 



