DISEASES OF THE RESPIEATOKY SYSTEM. 149 



50 or 60, and is usually full and bounding at first. The ratio be- 

 tween the pulse and respiration is lost. 



Respirations are accelerated at first; the nostrils dilate with 

 each inspiration. 



The mucous membranes are congested, sometimes cyanotic. 

 The conjunctivae should be examined in suspected cases, as it may 

 assume a yellowish color (jaundiced). 



There is a tendency to remain standing; the horse does not, 

 as a rule, lie down until the crisis. When they lie down, they do 

 so from weakness or toward the end, and on the diseased side. 

 When they lie down late, it is a more favorable symptom. 



There is a loss of appetite, more or less, thirst is increased, 

 and the secretions diminished. The urine is high-colored and 

 scanty; constipation is usually present. 



Cough frequent, short, shallow, and restrained. Dry at first; 

 later, moist. 



If laryngitis, bronchitis, or pleurisy be present, they may cough. 



In the human subject the prune-juice expectoration is seen 

 in some cases; this discharge is often present in the horse, and al- 

 though it is not necessarily fatal, it usually shows a severe. form 

 of the disease. 



In the severe cases the conjunctiva assumes a peculiar color — 

 a mahogany color in spots, and between these spots a yellowish 

 discoloration; this condition may be seen in colic and the like. 



Certain nervous signs may be present; the horse becomes dull, 

 with an apparent headache; or in other cases, slight delirium may 

 be shown. 



The crisis is usually the eighth day. It varies from seven to 

 ten days. The temperature falls rapidly in these cases. 



In other cases there may be gradual reduction of fever — a de- 

 gree or so at a time. An elevation of temperature at this time 

 usually denotes death or an increase of the disease (a relapse, as 

 we call it). 



Give the physical diagnosis. 



In many cases we do not see pneumonia in the congestive 

 stage, as when we are called the stage of hepatization is generally 

 reached. 



In the first stage, or the stage of congestion, we find, on in- 

 spection, the movement less on the affected side; on peecussion, 

 no appreciable change is shown. On auscultation, crepitant rales 



