DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 205 



In passive congestion, the symptoms are about the same as 

 above, except being more chronic and associated with cardiac dis- 

 ease. The quantity of urine is not much diminished, the specific 

 gravity very slightly altered, traces of albumin, and on microscopical 

 examination hyaline casts may be seen. 



Give the treatment. 



Stimulate the skin and kidneys; use hot fomentations over 

 that region. 



A drastic purgative should be given, produce sweating, and 

 allow plenty of drinking-water, with the addition of flaxseed or 

 mucilage. 



Camphor, digitalis, nitroglycerine, morphine, and potassium 

 iodide are among the drugs indicated. 



To reduce the quantity of blood in the organs increase the 

 heart's action or cause a dilatation of the capillaries. 



NEPHRITIS. 



What are the forms? 



Parenchymatous nephritis and interstitial nephritis, each of 

 which may run an acute or chronic course. These cases are rare in 

 the horse, or else they are overlooked. 



ACUTE NEPHRITIS. 



Give the synonyms. 



Acute parenchymatous nephritis; acute tubular nephritis; 

 acute Bright's disease; acute diffuse nephritis. 



Give the definition. 



Acute diffuse nephritis is an inflammation of the epithelial, 

 vascular, and intertubular (stroma) tissues. 



What is the aetiology ? 



It occurs both as a primary and secondary disease, and may 

 be caused by exposure to cold, wet weather, or by certain drugs, as 

 turpentine, chlorate of potash, carbolic acid, arsenic, phosphorus. 



Pregnancy from pressure may be a cause; also poisons of spe- 

 cific fevers. 



Again, it may be associated with such diseases as peritonitis, 

 dysentery, septicasmia, meningitis, pneumonia, etc. 



