DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 213 



H^EMATUKIA. 



What is understood by hematuria? 



This is a condition or symptom of some disease, characterized 

 by the presence of blood in the urine. 



Give the causes of hematuria. 



This may be associated with purpura hsemorrhagica, hemo- 

 philia, leucocythaemia, the specific fevers, etc., or it may be caused 

 by parasites, stone in the kidney, certain drugs, traumatic injuries. 



How is hematuria diagnosed ? 



It can be easily diagnosed by the smoky or bright red color 

 of the urine, by finding red blood-cells by the use of the micro- 

 scope, by the testing of the urine for blood, or by the use of the 

 spectroscope. 



If the blood comes from kidneys, it is well mixed with the 

 urine, or may be in clots; from the bladder, it is found at the end 

 of the act of urination; from the urethra, the blood comes just 

 before the urine. 



Give the prognosis. 



This depends on the cause, extent, and location of the seat 

 of hemorrhage, whether from the kidneys, bladder, urethra. 



What are the indications for treatment? 



Look for the cause and the seat of hemorrhage and treat 

 accordingly. 



Hsemastatics are indicated, together with cold to the region 

 of the kidneys. 



Stimulants, tonics, good food, etc., are usually required to 

 overcome the weakness caused by the loss of blood. 



PYURIA. 



Define pyuria. 



By pyuria is understood a condition with the presence of pus 

 in the urine. 



