Mr. Swain. 
374 DISCUSSION: FORESTS, RESERVOIRS, AND STREAM FLOW 
Hanover, and therefore will state them. It was decided in 1887 to 
reforest a large area; at first from 1000 to 1250 acres were planted 
annually and, in 1891, some 18000 acres had been reforested in pine 
and oak. There is a meteorological station in this region, at Lintzel. 
Considering a circular area of 15 000 acres with this point as its center, 
there were: 
Before reforestation. After reforestation. 
Cultivated ground and meadow land. .12% of the area; 10% of the area. 
Pasture sic seannnennasicvamac edt 85m ee 10% “ “ & 
OPESE, co anieuna vies eas samenaragpawgin 8%“ 80% “ “ 
Rainfall observations were begun in 1882, and the results at Lintzel 
were compared with those at the neighboring stations of Bréme and 
Gardelegen. The quantity of rain falling at Lintzel was as follows: 
1882.. 64.5% of that at Bréme; 96.3% of that at Gardelegen. 
“er “ 
1883.. 68.7 “ « & “ 101.1 « & i 
1884.. 778 “ “ “ “ 106.7 (cans “ “cc “ci 
1886.. 83.9 (ian ss “ “6 “ 114.2 ck “ iT4 cc 
cee i eS a ae 
1890..1016" “ “ “  y9o1e « «& «& « 
Similar results are stated to have been obtained at Nancy, all of 
which are sufficient to satisfy Huffel that it rains more, other things 
being equal, at the center of the forest than at the edges, and more at 
the edges than several kilometers beyond on cultivated ground. 
Whether forests decrease or increase the total run-off would seem 
to be still a somewhat open question. Probably it depends upon other 
circumstances, such as the slope of the ground, etc. 
With reference to the effect of forests upon snow-melting, the 
author states that “it can be demonstrated that the effect of forests 
upon the run-off from snow is invariably to increase its intensity.” It 
is undoubtedly true that forests reduce the formation of drifts, but 
the writer’s observations and inquiries convince him that the snow in 
forests does drift to some extent, though much less than in the open, 
and that it lasts longer into the spring than even the drifts outside. 
Perhaps this is not true in the highest mountains and near the timber 
line, where the trees are small and the drifts very heavy, but the 
writer believes that it is generally true. If it-is true, the author’s 
argument on this point seems to fall. He also seems to ignore the 
fact that in forests the ground is warmer than it is in the open, 
and indetd that it frequently may not freeze at all under the snow. 
As the snow melts, it melts at the bottom, and the ground. is more ready 
to absorb it than is the frozen ground in the open. 
The writer has not had the opportunity to study to any extent 
the conditions in the Rocky Mountains, but he observes that Professor 
L. G. Carpenter, of the Colorado State Agricultural College—than 
