BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147 
feathers of chin and upper throat with long, slender, terminal sete. 
Wing moderate or rather large, with longest primaries projecting con- 
siderably beyond secondaries; sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth, 
seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the tenth (outermost) about 
two-thirds to three-fourths as long as the longest, the ninth decidedly 
to much longer than secondaries. Tail two-fifths to nearly half as 
long as wing, even, or very slightly rounded, the rectrices (12) 
rounded terminally. Tarsus less than half as long as wing, slender, 
the planta fused (non-scutellate) or with scutella indistinct, its 
inner edge scarcely if at all convolute, the acrotarsium with 12-14 
scutella; middle toe, with claw, about two-thirds as long as tarsus, 
longer than whole culmen; outer toe, without claw, reaching to a 
little beyond subterminal articulation of middle toe, the inner toe 
slightly shorter; hallux shorter than inner toe, not conspicuously 
stouter; basal phalanx of middle toe united for more than half its 
length to outer toe, for less than half to inner toe; claws short to 
moderately long, not strongly curved, moderately compressed, not 
grooved laterally, that of the hallux shorter than the digit. Plumage 
very full, that of rump and flanks (especially the former) elongated 
and more lax; a small naked postocular space (except in G. squami- 
gera * and allies). 
Coloration.—Above olive, the hindneck and part of pileum grayish, 
distinctly squamated with black (squamations indistinct in G. 
squamigera, which has the under parts conspicuously barred or 
lunulated with black); tail rufescent brown or russet (except in 
G. squamagera); under parts rufescent or tawny, sometimes more or 
less variegated, especially on throat, sometimes mixed olive and 
buffy with indistinct bars of darker. 
Range.—Southern Mexico to Cayenne, southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, 
and Peru. (About ten species, including subspecies.) 
KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF GRALLARIA GUATIMALENSIS. 
a. Coloration darker, the general color of under parts ochraceous to tawny; black 
squamations of upper parts much heavier; gray of hindneck and pileum much 
clearer (more bluish) much more extended, the forehead much less extensively 
(sometimes not at all) brownish; size averaging considerably smaller (maximum 
average measurements: wing 113.3, tail 41.8, culmen, 27.2, tarsus 49.6, middle 
toe 25.3). 
b. Darker; under parts tawny to chestnut-tawny; larger (averaging: wing 111.7 or 
more, tarsus 48.2 or more, middle toe 24.4 or more), except tail and bill. 
c. Slightly paler, with black squamations of upper parts narrower; averaging 
slightly larger, except bill and middle toe (wing averaging 113.3, tail 41.5, 
culmen 25.8, tarsus 49.6, middle toe 24.4). (Chiapas to northern Nicaragua.) 
Grallaria guatimalensis guatimalensis (p. 148). 
2G. squamigera also differs in having the planta tarsi partly scutellate, the tail 
nearly half instead of only two-fifths as long as wing, with firmer rectrices, relatively 
longer outermost primary, and other minor characters, and may not be congeneric. 
