BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297 
Anomalogonatous * nonpasserine birds with deep plantar tendons 
of types I, V, Va, Vb, VI, VII, or VIII, or else palate desmognathous, or 
schizognathous in combination with raptorial feet (Striges) (saurog- 
nathous? in Pici), bronchial syrinx (Caprimulgi), or with not more 
than seven secondaries (Trochili), or egithognathous in combination 
with short triangular bill, fissirostral gape, and ten greatly elongated 
primaries (Micropodii) or pointed manubrial process and forked 
vomer (Capitones, part); feet synpelmous, desmopelmous, hetero- 
pelmous, or antiopelmous, or if schizopelmous (Upupe), the palate 
desmognathous; basipterygoid processes absent or present (rudi- 
mentary ?); cervical vertebrae 13-15; nasals usually holorhinal. 
KEY TO THE SUBORDERS OF CORACIIFORMES. 
a. Feet neither desmopelmous nor raptorial (the flexor tendons never of type I); 
coracoids not connected; hypotarsus complex (except in Macrochires); myo- 
logical formula with X (except in Macrochires); only one carotid (except in 
Superfamily Caprimulgi); ceeca (if present) short, usually absent; syrinx 
tracheo-bronchial (except in Caprimulgi); aftershaft present (sometimes rudi- 
mentary in Caprimulgi and Pici); young gymnopedic (except in Nycticoracie). 
b. Myological formula without X (i. e., A); hypotarsus simple; spina interna 
PLCSENG vac ost als creleninnted de ee eerie was Se els Macrochires (p. 298) 
bb. Myological formula with X; hypotarsus complex; spina interna absent. 
c. Not synpelmous. 
d. Not schizopelmous; dorsal pteryla not forked between shoulders. 
e. Heteropelmous; feet heterodactylous, the flexor tendons of type VIII. 
Heterodactyle (p. 729). 
ee. Antiopelmous; feet zygodactylous, the flexor tendons of type VI. 
Zygodactylee (to be included in Part VI). 
dd. Schizopelmous; dorsal pteryla forked between shoulders. 
Upupee (extralimital). 
ce. Synpelmous. 
d. Dorsal pteryla not forked between shoulders. 
e. Feet anisodactylous............ Anisodactylee (to be included in Part VI). 
@ Anomalogonatous birds are those which lack the ambiens muscle. Besides the 
Coraciiformes, the Passeriformes also are anomalogonatous, all other birds, according 
to Garrod (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 116-118), being homalogonatous. The mor- 
phological value of this character was so greatly overestimated by Garrod that he 
made it the basis of his primary division of the Class Aves into two ‘‘Subclasses,’’ 
Anomalogonatz and Homalogonate. 
b> Upupine Cabanis, in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 343 (includes 
genus Falculia, an oscinine form usually referred to Corvide)—= Upupide Cabanis 
and Heine, Mus. Hein., ii, 1860, 127; Firbringer, Uebers. Syst. Morph. Vog., ii, 
1888, 1364.—= Upupoidex Stejneger, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 408, in text.— 
>Bucerotes Firbringer, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1567 (includes Bucero- 
tes).—= Upupx Seebohm, Classif. Birds, 1890, 7; Sharpe, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 
80; Hand-List, ii, 1900, 70. 
The Upups comprise two families, Upupide (Hoopoes) and Irrisoride (Wood 
Hoopoes), the former common to the Palearctic, Ethiopian, and Indian Regions, the 
latter confined to the Ethiopian Region. 
