136 THE PORTRAIT GALLERY 
The bulls used in the herd were entirely grade, some purchased 
in Kansas, but the majority produced in the herd itself. Mr. 
MACKENZIE’s first move was to cull out all inferior cows and 
to replace the bulls with purebreds. For a number of years 
he used Hereford, Shorthorn and Aberdeen-Angus bulls, all 
three, but he gradually increased the proportion of the former 
until all of the steers marketed were whitefaced. In the later 
nineties he established a purebred herd from 300 to 350 cows, 
from which he proposed to breed the extra Hereford bulls he 
needed. He particularly fancied the Anxiety blood of GupGELL 
& Simpson and drew strongly on them as well as on other Mis- 
souri-Kansas breeders. He adopted a policy of paying about 
$100 to $250 for bulls for general range service, while he paid 
as high as $1,000 for sires for the purebred herd. On the 
average he secured about 150 bulls annually from the pure- 
bred herd for use on his range cows. The bulls were first put 
to service when two years old and were turned to the herd in 
the ratio of one bull to twenty-five cows. 
When Mr. Mackenzie took charge of the herd, the bulk of 
the steers were of such an inferior nature that they were sold 
as two-year-olds to the cattlemen of Dakota, Montana and 
Wyoming to be run as stockers and in part fattened. The 
returns on such animals were insufficient to pay the costs of 
production, and it was to meet the demands of the Kansas and 
Missouri feeders that the grade bulls were replaced by pure- 
breds. Mr. MAcKENZzIE was really a pioneer in this work and 
effectively demonstrated not only that purebred cattle were suc- 
cessful under the conditions of the range, but also that high 
breeding was by no means necessarily accompanied by unpro- 
ductiveness. 
On Jan. 1, 1912, he proceeded to Brazil as general manager 
of the Brazil Land, Cattle & Packing Co. He gathered together 
one of the greatest herds of range animals under one manage- 
