ANIMAL OASTftATION. 15 



securing his patient in the supine position, both in 

 his own behalf and that of his employer. 



It is not uncommon, however, to see veterinarians 

 resort also to the use of stocks, in which the animal 

 is kept standing and can probably be secured in a 

 better way. 



ANATOMY. 



We now pass rapidly in review the anatomical 

 structure of the inguinal region and of the testicular 

 organs. A knowledge of these is of course essential 

 to a proper understanding of the description of the 

 various modes of operation, and of some of their 

 sequelae, upon which we shall soon entei-. 



The testicular envelopes, passing from the surface 

 inwards, are represented by the scrotum, the dartos, 

 the cellular coat, the tunica erythroida, formed by 

 the cremaster, and the fibrous and serous or vaginal 

 sac (Fig. 2). The scrotum is a continuation of the 

 skin, and forms a complete bag, common to both 

 testicles, which it contains and covers ; the skin being 

 here thin, vascular and nervous, usually black in 

 color, almost hairless, and soft and unctuous to the 

 touch. It is divided into two lateral halves by a raphce 

 or median line. It is very elastic, and easily yields 

 to the efforts of distention, to which it is subjected, 

 and when stretched over the organs it contains, pre- 

 sents a shining aspect, due to the sebaceous secretion 

 which covers it. It easily contracts to its shrunken 



