measures are applied in combating insects. 
(4) Soil studies, under Professor Dr. Hessel- 
man, and (5) miscellaneous investigations of 
special problems as they arise. 
The Forest Experiment Station has its head- 
quarters in Stockholm, on the grounds of the 
Forestry College, where are well equipped 
offices and laboratories and an excellent for- 
estry library, but the greater part of the work 
of the experiment station is im the field, on the 
various crown forests. 
The sample plot work carried on by the 
supervisors is less intensive than that of the 
experiment station plots, but nevertheless yields 
Many valuable data. These are turned over to 
Professor Schotte in due course for compilation 
with the experiment station work. The inter- 
esting point about this phase of activity is that 
it shows the keen appreciation that all the 
members of the Swedish Forest Service have 
of the value and importance of carefully kept 
scientific records. It places the work on the 
forests on a very solid foundation. 
GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF 
THE PRIVATE FOREST OWNER 
The third feature of special interest about 
forestry in Sweden is the governmental regula- 
tion of the private owner. The outstanding 
thing in this matter is that while the super- 
vision exercised by the forestry officials is, or 
may be, somewhat drastic, there appears to be 
little or no objection thereto. This is due 
apparently to the fact that the forest owners 
realize the importance of perpetuating the for- 
ests and are therefore willing to submit to 
what might well be considered a curtailment 
of their personal liberties. That there should 
be thought to be any sort of serious objection 
to the regulations impesed, seemed decidedly to 
amuse the various cificials with whom I talked, 
and I took pains to repeat my questions to 
many of them. More than one of the Swedish 
foresters had a “come back” to my questions, 
by jokingly referring to our prohibition laws as 
an example of how things were done in “the 
land of the free.” Indeed, about the first re- 
mark that is made to an American in all the 
countries on this side of the ecean, is the in- 
quiry as to how we like prohibition, and if it 
really works? Sweden is not dry—not yet. 
With regard to the enforcement of the for- 
estry laws, the facts seem to be that in Sweden 
regulation of the private forest owner is ef- 
fective, that the system works, and that the 
general public, including the forest owner, is in 
favor of it. It may, therefore, be of interest to 
outline briefly how it is accomplished. 
LAWS ADMINISTERED BY 
GOVERNMENT FORESTERS 
The laws regulating what and how the 
private owner shall cut and manage his forest 
fall into two classes; one, those administered 
by the Swedish Forest Service, the other, those 
enforced by local forest commissions. In the 
first case, the supervisors, in their respective 
districts, see that the laws are enforced and, 
through assistants, actually mark the trees that 
are to be felled on privately owned forest land. 
The two more important are the “Lappmark 
law” and the “Protection Forest law.” These 
laws date from 1866—’73 and ’74, but have 
been re-enacted and amended since that time. 
The laws of this class all have to do es- 
sentially with “protection forests,” i. e., areas 
where a forest cover must be permanently 
maintained primarily for one or more of the 
three following reasons: (a) Prevention of ava- 
lanches, snow slides and in some cases erosion 
on steep mountain slopes, (b) protection of 
watersheds of drivable and navigable streams, 
(c) control of shifting sands and dunes. The 
laws of this class apply almost wholly only in 
the mountain districts and especially in the 
northern provinces, except for the laws con- 
cerning sand dunes, which are applicable to 
certain stretches of the coast and to the two 
large islands in the Baltic sea, Gotland and 
Oland. There is also for the northern provinces 
a so-called “dimension law.’ This sought to 
regulate by a fixed diameter limit the over-ex- 
ploitation of the forests in that section. 
The essential feature of all these “protection 
forest” laws is that the timber to be cut must 
first be marked—the trees blazed—by a govern- 
ment forester. Should he deem it unwise to 
mark enough in a given locality to make a 
profitable logging chance, the private owner 
can appeal to the government to buy the land, 
at a price fixed by agreement, or by arbitration 
by three appraisers. But such cases appear to 
be rare. It is usually possible to mark for fell- 
ing enough to satisfy the needs of the owner 
and still comply with the spirit and letter of 
the law. Where purchase or expropriation has 
to be resorted to, the purchase money is taken 
from the appropriation made annually to the 
Forest Service for the acquisition of state for- 
est. I did not have the opportunity personally 
to visit the northern districts of Sweden, but 
I was given to understand that these laws are 
all being enforced without serious objection 
from the private owners. Under each of them 
the owner is permitted to take what he needs 
for domestic use. The law applies only to 
timber cut for commercial purposes. The main 
criticism seems to be that in some of the 
northern forests there is much over-mature 
timber that should be marketed. This problem 
will doubtless be solved when working plans, 
now in progress, are completed for all the 
forests in these districts. 
LAWS ADMINISTERED 
BY FOREST COMMISSIONS 
The general law governing the management 
of privately owned forests applies to the whole 
of Sweden. It was passed in 1903 and is in sev- 
eral parts, different acts dealing with the prin- 
ciples involved, methods of administration, and 
financing of the administrative organization. 
This is the Swedish forest law that is of special 
interest to Americans because it may be pos- 
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