104 ZOOLOGY. 



both scutum and Bcutcllum, the two not being separately developed. 

 The fore wings are long and narrow, and thicker than the binder, 

 which are broad thin, and membranous, and most active in flight, 

 Deiug folded up like a fan when at rest and tucked away out of 

 siglit under the fore wings, which act as wing-covers. 



Turning now to the side of the body (Fig. 128), we see that the 

 side of each of the middle and hind thoracic rings is composed of 

 two pieces, the anterior, episternum, resting on the sternum, witli 

 the epimerum behind it; these pieces are vertically high and narrow, 

 and to them the leg is inserted by three pieces, called respectively 

 coxa, troc/tantine, Siud trochanter (seeFig. 128), the 

 latter forming a true joint of the leg. 



The legs consist of five well-marked joints, the 

 femur (thigh), tibia (shank), and tarsus (foot), the 

 latter consisting in the locust of three joints, the 

 third bearing two large claws with a pad between 

 them. The hind legs, especially the femur and 

 tibia, are very large, adapted for hopping. 



The sternum is broad and large in the middle 



and hind thorax, but small and obscurelj' limited 



in the prothorax, with a large conical projection 



Ficj 129,.lFront view Ijetwecn the legs. 



of the head of C. The head is mainly in the adult locust composed 



svretus. £. Epicra- „ . , . / n i *i ■ ■ tti- mo 



nium; C, clypeus; 01 ''^ Single piece (called the epicranmm, rigs. 12o 



L, labrum; o o, and 129 -E), which carries the compound eyes, 

 ocelli; c, eye; a, an- ,,. . , ,_,. ,„_ ^ -, » 



tenna; md, niandi- ocelli, or Simple eyes (t ig. i39, e), and antennse. 



ble; rnx, portion of While there are in reality four primary segments 



maxilla uncovered *' ' J & 



by the labrum; p. in the head of all winged insects, corresponding 



p' jibfaTpaFpiil."'"' to "le four pairs of appendages in the head, the 

 posterior three segments, alter early embryonic 

 life in the locust, become obsolete, and are mainly represented by 

 their appendages and by small portions to wbicli the appendages 

 are attached. The antenna', or feelers, are inserted in front of the 

 eyes, and between them is the anterior ocellus, or simple eye, while 

 the two posterior ocelli are situated above the insertion of the an- 

 tennae. In front of the epicraniura is the clypeus (Fig. 129), a piece 

 nearly twice as broad as long. To the clypeus is attached a loose 

 flap, which covers the jaws when they are at rest. This is the upper 

 lip or lalirum) Fig, 129). There are three pairs of mouth-appendages: 

 flrst, the true jaws or mandibles (Fig. 127), which are single-jointed, 

 and are broad, short, solid, with a toothed cutting and grinding edge 

 adapted for biting. The mandibles are situated on each side of the 

 mouth opening. Behind the mandibles are the maxillaj (Fig. 127), 

 which are divided into three lobes, the inner armed with teeth or 



