THE ORTHOPTERA. 



117 



Order 1. Tliysaniira. — The spring-tails (Podura) and 

 Smynthurus (Fig. 140) and bristle-tails (Lepisma) are ex- 

 amples of this order. Tlie Podurans have a ^^ 

 peculiar forked appendage in the end of the ^ ^TL>v^\,,^. 

 body, which is held in place by a hook; when ' \^ 

 set free the spring darts backward, throwing 

 he minute insect high in the air. 



Order 2. Dermaptera.- — The earwig {For- 

 ficula) is the representative of this small 

 group, which is characterized by the small, 

 short, elytra-like fore wings, and the large 

 peculiar hind wings, while the body ends in a «mr « s, a spring- 



„ , . I °, ■' tail. Magnified. 



lorceps-hkc appendage. 



Order 3. Orthopitera. — Locusts, grasshoppers, crickets, 

 etc., are called Orthoptera (straight-wings) from their nar- 

 row, straight, fore wings; the broad hinder pair being 

 folded fan-like under the fore pair. 



Many Orthoptera, as the crickets, green grasshoppers. 



Fig. 141.— a Katydid-like form resembling a leaf. 



katydids (Fig. 141), etc., and locusts (Fig. 142), produce 

 loud, shrill sounds. The sound is made in three ways, i.e., 

 first, by rubbing the base of one wing-cover on the other 

 (crickets and green grasshoppers); second, by rubbing the 



