THE MAMMALS. 239 



bull gores and tosses any troublesome enemy, while the 

 Italian buffalo " is said never to use his horns; he gives 

 a tremendous blow with his convex forehead, and then 

 tramples on his fallen enemy with his knees." Darwin 

 also says that male quadrupeds with tusks use them in a 

 variety of ways: thus the boar "strikes laterally and up- 

 ward, tlie musk-deer with serious effect downward," while 

 the walrus cau strike either upward, downward, or side- 

 ways with eqiuil dexterity. 



The males are usually larger when there is any difference 

 in size; this is seen in the eared seals, in tiie ox, Indian 

 buffalo, and the American bison, as well as the lion. The 

 mane of the latter adds to its appearance of greater weight 

 and bulk, and Darwin says that the lion's mane " forms a 

 good defence against the one danger to which he is liable 

 — namely, the attacks of rival lions." As regards distinc- 

 tions in color, male ruminants are most liable to exhibit 

 them. In the Derbyan eland the body is redder, tlie neck 

 mucli blacker, and the white band separating these colors 

 broader than in the females. In the Cape eland the male 

 is slightly darker than the female. In the Indian black- 

 buck the male is very dark, almost black, while the female 

 is fawn-colored: male antelopes are blacker tlian the female. 

 The Baiiteng bull is almost black, while the cow is of a 

 bright dun. Among the lemurs the male of Lemur macaco 

 s coal-black, while the female is reddish ^yellow. The 

 sexes of monkeys differ much in coloration. Certain male 

 seals, bats, rats, and squirrels have brighter colors than in 

 the opposite sex. On the other hand, the female Ehcsus 

 monkey is adorned with a brilliant red naked ring around 

 the tail; this is wanting in the male, which, liowever, is 

 larger, with larger canines, more bushy whiskers and eye- 

 brows; and Darwin states that in monkeys the males usu- 

 ally differ from the females in ''the development of the 

 beard, whiskers, and mane." 



The vocal organs of mammals are, in general, constructed 

 on the same type. The larynx is formed by a modification 



