312 ZOOLOQT. 



ing out, as we have to do in a purely zoological classifica' 

 tion, the intellectual and moral faculties of man, to adopt 

 the view that man is the representative of a group of 

 Primates.* The absolute differences of man from the apes 

 consist in the greater number and irregularity of the con- 

 volutions of the cerebral hemispheres, which are also much 

 larger compared with the cerebellum, and completely cover 

 the latter; the entire brain being at least double the size 

 proportionately of that of the gorilla; f it is also stated 

 that two muscles exist in man which have not yet been 

 found in any ape, the extensor primi internodii poUicis and 

 i\\t 2^eronwus tcrtius, belonging to the thumb and foot re- 

 spectively (Huxley). I There are also points in the origin 

 of certain muscles which are peculiar to man, but Huxley 

 adds that all the apparently distinctive peculiarities of the 

 muscles of the apes are to be met with, occasionally, as 

 varieties in man. On the other hand, the relative differ- 

 ences of the skulls of the gorilla and man are, as Huxley 

 states, "immense." In man the cranial box overhangs the 



* Geoffroy St. Hilaire placed man in a kingdom by himself; Owen 

 assigned liim to a sub-class; by others he is generally reiiarded as a 

 representative of au order Bimana, as opposed to the order Qiiadru- 

 mana, or monkeys and apes; while from recent comparative studies 

 man is considered as belonging either to a separate sub-order or a 

 family. 



f "It must not be overlooked, however, that there is a very strik- 

 ing difference in absolute mass and weight between the lowest human 

 brain and that of the highest ape — a difference which is all the more 

 remarkable when we recollect that a full-grown gorilla is probably 

 pretty nearly twice as lieavy as a Bosjesman, or as many an European 

 woman. It may be doubted whether a healthy human brain ever 

 weighed less than thirty one or two ounces, or lliat the heaviest 

 gorilla brain has exceeded twenty o\inces." In another place Huxley 

 states that " an average European child of fonr years old has a brain 

 twice as large as that of an adult gorilla." — Man's Place in Nature. 



I Dr. Chapman has found in the arm of a gorilla a distinct extensor 

 primi internoilii pollieis muscle, but no trace of the flexor longvs poHi 

 cis. — American Naturalist, .June, 1879, p. 895. 



