MAN. 313 



orbits; in the gorilla the forehead is hollowed out. The 

 hinder portion of the brain is also much more developed in 

 man than in the apes, and in the hinder part of the hemi- 

 spheres the convolutions are more numerous than in the 

 chimpanzee, this part in monkeys losing its convolutions 

 altogether (Wyman). Man stands erect; his arms span a 

 distance equal to his height; the spinal column has four 

 curves; the skin of the hands and feet of man is highly 

 sensitiye, compared with that of the apes. . Finally, as 

 Cuvier stated, the grand distinctive zoological character 

 separating man from the other animals is the possession of 

 the power of speech. 





Fig. 334. — Skull of a Negro, showing its prognathism. 



Sometimes in man the coccyx has one or two more joints 

 than the normal number, but the apes have no tail. The 

 black and Australian races are slightly nearer the apes than 

 civilized peoples. In apes, as in the lower mammals, the 

 pelvis is higher than wide; when there is a degradation in 

 the human pelvis it tends to become higher than wide, as 

 seen in the pelvis of the Hottentots. In civilized man the 

 legs are one half the height of the body, but in the South 

 Africans, Hottentots, and Bushmen the legs are a little less 

 than half the height, and the thigh-bone is flattened from 

 side to side, as in the gorilla. The waist is broader in the 

 African than in the European; the os calcis is not longer 

 in negroes than in the white man, the larger heel of the 

 former being simply due to an expansion of the soft parts. 



The form of the skull varies greatly in the different races, 



