PRACTICUMS 
1. Ace oF A Horse DreTERMINED BY THE TEETH.—At eight to 10 
months of age the milk teeth of the foal are complete. The shedding 
of the milk teeth and the beginning of the permanent set occur 
between 2% and 3 years of age, the permanent set being complete 
between 414 and 5 years. Between five and 10 years it is possible 
to determine the age with considerable accuracy from a study of the 
front teeth of the lower and upper jaws. These teeth undergo 
changes due to form and wearing. The determination by years 
may be made as follows: 
a. At three years—-Two or three months under three years, the 
permanent pair of center nippers replaces the milk or haby colt teeth. 
At three years they are ready for use. These teeth are larger than 
the milk teeth and have deep cups in their middles. 
b. At four years-—-Two or three months under four years, the 
next or intermediate pair of permanent nippers replaces the inter- 
mediate pair of milk teeth. At four years these are ready for use. 
Some wear is shown on the center pair and the cups are partly worn 
down. 
c. At Five Years.——The mouth is full and dentition complete. 
d. At Six Years—The cups in the center pair in the lower jaw 
have disappeared, or very nearly so. Some wear is shown in the 
corner nippers. 
e. At Seven Years.—The cups in the two teeth next to the center 
pair in the lower jaw have disappeared. Those of the corner teeth 
are quite shallow also. | 
f. At Eight Vears—The cups of the six teeth or nippers of the 
lower jaw have disappeared. The cups still show in the upper jaw. 
g. At Nine Years.—The cups of the center teeth in the upper jaw 
have disappeared. 
h. At Ten YVears—The cups of the two teeth next to the center 
pair of the upper jaw have disappeared. 
1. At Eleven Years—The cups of the corner and remaining teeth 
of the upper jaw have disappeared. No cups now show in any of 
the teeth. 
Note.—Often, due to denser bone, the cups occasionally wear un- 
til the twelfth year or longer. Other changes in the teeth are taken 
in consideration by experts, but these are too complicated to de- 
scribe here, and are understood only after long experience and 
practice. 
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