222 FARM ANIMALS 
periods of the steer’s growth. They will be used in scant 
or liberal quantities in accordance with the supply and 
the general style of farming. Pastures, cither of a tem- 
porary or a permanent nature, will go hand in hand with 
the forage crops grown on the farm. Corn is first in the 
list of grain products. 
Among the supplementary concentrates for steers are cotton- 
seed meal, linseed meal, soy bean meal, wheat bran, the glutens, 
and various by-products of starch and cereal factories. It is un- 
necessary to record the long list of grain products that enter into 
the production of beef. Whether grains shall be ground, crushed 
or fed whole, or whether they shall be fed on pasture or in the feed 
lot, in outside racks or in closed stalls, will depend upon circum- 
stances, the management of the farm and the nature of the man. 
What is most important of all is to grow as much corn as can be 
profitably grown; to grow as much roughage as the method of farm- 
ing will admit, and to have as much of this of a legume nature as 
possible; to use home-grown corn to feed in connection with this 
roughage; and, finally, to supplement roughage and corn with other 
concentrates purchased outright or secured in exchange for corn 
and fed in such ways as will give balanced rations to meet the ever- 
changing needs, of the steers under feed. 
FEEDING BEEF CATTLE IN THE OPEN 
It used to be thought that steers were most profitably fattened when stall fed. 
It has been found that they do even better if cared for in the open. Many cattle 
feeders now provide open sheds for feeding during winter and inclement weather. 
