DAIRY FARMING 431 
is a part of the offspring of the whole herd. In practice 
the sire is more than half, since on account of his breed- 
ing he is more prepotent, has 
in his ancestry preponderating 
dairy qualities, and hence 
transmits these qualities to 
the progeny. Only sires of 
pure breeding should be chosen 
to head the herd. No dairy- 
man or other live stock breeder 
ever employs a sire of uncer- 
tain or mongrel breeding if he 
seeks to improve his herd. 
Under no_ circumstances 
should a grade sire be used in 
breeding. A wise dairyman 
would prefer to sell part of his 
herd and purchase a choice 
dairy animal of pure breeding 
than to use a grade. 
4. Grading up.—The greater 
number of dairy herds are com- 
posed, not of pure stock, but 
of grade stock. Such herds 
can be quickly improved by 
following the plan of “grading 
up.” This is a simple matter 
and involves a pure-bred sire 
of the chosen breed. The male 
calves are disposed of as veal 
or raised and fattened as 
butcher stock. The heifer 
calves are reserved for replac- 
ing the aged cows or others 
Four GENERATIONS 
The foundation cow was worth 
$100. By breeding up, in the 
fourth generation a cow, with a 
seven-day record of 24 pounds of 
fat was valued at $1,000. 
