458 FARM ANIMALS 
than in adult animals. Locate the pulse of the different classes of 
farm animals. If any difficulty is met, ask the local veterinarian or 
family physician. 
6. NuMBER oF RespirATIONS.—These will vary with the class of 
animal; as a rule, the larger the animal the slower the respiration. 
The ratio of heart beats to respiration is from one of the latter to 
four or five heart beats. Count the respirations of several animals 
in health. If sick animals, note the respirations and compare with 
the following normal rate for well animals: Horse, 8 to 10 respira- 
tions per minute; steer and cow, 12 to 15; sheep and goat, 12 to 20; 
dog, 15 to 20; pig, 10 to 15. Count the pulse and determine the 
ratio of heart beats to respiration. 
7. EXAMINING FoR SoUNDNESS.—Examine one or more horses. 
Starting with the head, examine all regions for defects, blemishes 
and unsoundness. 
(a) Are there cuts or injuries known as blemishes that lessen the 
value but which do not interfere with usefulness? 
(b) Do you observe any unsoundness, such as splints, curbs, ring- 
bones or sidebones? 
(c) Is the eyesight perfect? 
(d) Is the hearing as it should be? 
(e) Do you find poll evil at the top of head? 
(f) Is the shoulder sound or sweenied? 
(g) Do you find a fistula in any region? 
(h) Are the hoofs of good shape and perfect otherwise? 
(4) When made to run fast, how is the ‘‘wind” of the horse? 
