482 FARM ANIMALS 
pentine is the commonest remedy. Cleanliness of food, 
water and quarters is the great preventive. Poultrymen 
who keep their chicks on the ground not used for chick 
raising the previous year, and who insist on strictest 
cleanliness, are seldom if ever troubled with gapes. 
8. Gravel in foot——A collection of pus, or other fluid, 
containing gravel or dirt. It occurs most frequently in 
the foot, and is associated with the horse and mule almost 
exclusively. The cause may be from a bruise, but more 
frequently it is due to a punctured wound of the foot by 
nail, wire or other pointed object. Nearly always there 
will be dirt carried into the wound with the offending 
object or shortly after its removal. This dirt, infected 
with germs, sets up inflammation of the sensitive struc- 
tures, causing more or less lameness. 
Treatment consists in making or enlarging the opening so that all 
secretions formed in the wound can find a ready escape to the out- 
side. The wound should be thoroughly cleansed, and washed with 
a mild disinfectant, after which a small quantity of oil of turpentine 
should be injected, and the wound packed with calomel or iodoform 
and covered with a pledget of cotton. If the wound is very deep 
or extensive, a hot bran or flaxseed poultice, applied after thor- 
oughly cleansing the foot, is often beneficial. Use poultice for 
several days and change daily. 
9. Heaves.—An ailment of the horse characterized by 
a double bellows-like action of the abdominal muscles in 
breathing. In bad cases there is a short, suppressed 
cough, usually accompanied by passage of gas, glutton- 
ous appetite, harsh, staring coat of hair, lack of endur- 
ance, sweating, panting or staggering during work, and 
dilated nostrils. The disease begins with indigestion, 
affecting in time the pneumogastric nerve of the stomach 
and then the branch nerves running to the lungs. 
The distress may be relieved by treatment, but perfect recovery 
is impossible when the lungs have become badly affected. A sub- 
stitution of wet oat straw for hay in winter and grass for hay in 
summer gives relief. Allow double the usual rest period after a 
