454 FARM ANIMALS 
shoulder and back. Dipping tanks made of cement or wood in the 
run yards containing disinfectant fluid serve as wallows and allow 
the hogs to disinfect themselves. Cattle and horses may be dipped 
or brushed with disinfecting cloths or brushes. Chickens may be 
dipped, but their quarters should be sprayed, and the roosts treated 
with a mixture of grease and disinfectants. 
12. Ringbone.—A growth of bone on the pastern bone, 
just above the hoof. It causes lameness when it inter- 
feres with the joint or the passage of any 
of the tendons. Some horses are predis- 
posed to bony diseases from the least in- 
jury, while others are not, and in select- 
ing mares for breeding purposes the 
former should be rejected. This disease 
results from strains, bruises, or injuries 
RINGBONE to the cartilage of the joints. 
When the membrane of the bone or cartilage 
becomes inflamed there may be much lameness for several months 
before any enlargement takes place. The absence of other diseases 
of the foot, with some heat in the pasterns, and soreness on pres- 
sure or moving the joints, indicates this disezse. Medical treat- 
ment, in the nature of ointments and blisters, is often necessary. 
13. Scab.—Scab or itch or mange, is caused by minute 
mites that live upon the surface of the skin, burrowing 
into it. Different kinds afflict animals. Old cattle are 
less troubled, the attacks being more frequent on calves 
and yearlings and two-year-olds out of condition. In the 
early stages the itching of the skin in the region of the 
neck or shoulders is first noticed. This is indicated by 
the animals digging at the skin with teeth and horns and 
the constant rubbing against posts or barbed wire or 
anything that may give relief at the time. The disease 
gradually spreads along the back, sides and outside of 
legs. 
In the early stages the coat looks rough and the skin has a scurvy 
appearance. In time, the hair comes off or is rubbed off, presenting 
bald patches of thick, glazed and wrinkled skin. After the hair 
comes off the parasites leave these regions, seeking other quarters, 
