KEEPING ANIMALS HEALTHY 495 
bottom where it is colder and possessed of the impuri- 
ties. For best success the intakes should be small but 
numerous, one, say, for every three cows; and outlets 
large, and carried up and out of the roof. The outlets 
should be airtight. One difficulty with this system is 
that the moisture given off by the lungs and skin of 
animals is partially condensed and is apt to cause a moist 
condition of the stable. When this occurs, the air should 
be allowed to escape at C shown in the diagram. 
11. Stalls—Naturally less space is required for small 
animals than for large, and less for cows than for horses. 
Pigs and sheep do not require individual stalls, but pens 
of varying sizes are provided in accordance to needs, and 
whether one or more or many are to be accommodated. 
The size of such pens is-a matter of choice. From 6 to 8 
feet is about as small as they are made. Cattle stalls 
vary in length and width, 3 feet being the usual width 
and 4% to 5 feet the usual length for small cows, and 
SIMPLE STALL ARRANGEMENT FOR Dairy Cows 
This dairy stable is quite sanitary and built to endure. There are no partitions 
to catch dust and filth. Note the rather wide, shallow gutter, the cement flooring 
and open mangers. Each cow knows her place, and on coming into the stable 
goes direct to it. 
