MARKETING LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCTS 511 
of construction—open or slats, and closed. The closed 
cars have doors at either side with proper provision for 
ventilation. The open cars have provision for a second 
floor about 3% feet above the bottom. In these, the 
smaller classes of live stock, such as veal calves, hogs 
and sheep, are shipped. These are called “double deck- 
ers,” and will accommodate 100 to 150 hogs or 200 to 250 
sheep. In the single floor cars but half of that number 
can be shipped. The animals are able to lie down. Cattle 
and horses are placed in cars and so packed that they 
cannot move about or lie down. The palace stock cars 
contain stalls, feed racks and watering troughs and are 
used largely in shipping the better classes of horses and 
cattle. 
5. On the road.—On long hauls, it is 2 requirement of 
law and regulation that stock be fed and watered. Hay 
is the common food for horses, cattle and sheep, and ear 
corn for hogs. At different points along the way the 
cars are stopped and water is put into the troughs. 
Heavy feeding or watering is not advisable. In case 
only a few animals are shipped, the food and water may 
be carried at one end of the car, the water in a barrel, and 
both may be given more frequently, but still in moderate 
quantities. In shipping by express the hay and grain are 
commonly tied on the top of the crate or inclosure, the 
station agent giving the water and feeding as directed by 
the instructions attached to the crate. 
6. Live stock centers.—The greater part of the farm- 
raised meat animals are shipped to a few large live stock 
centers, where huge establishments, known as stock yards, 
are maintained. Asa rule, near to these stock yards are 
other establishments, known as slaughtering or packing 
houses, where the stock is slaughtered and prepared for 
human consumption. Starting out in the small districts, 
