54 HOW PLANTS GROW. 
152, Stipules, as already explained (120), are a pair of appendages at the base of 
the leaf, one on each side. These often grow fast to the base of the leatstalk, 
as they do in the Rose and in Clover (Fig. 136; st, 
the stipules). Or they may join with each other and 
form a kind of sheath round the stem, as they do in 
the Buttonwood and in Polygonum’ (Fig. 187). 
Many leaves have no stipules at all. In many 
cases they fall off very early, especially those that 
serve for bud-scales, as in Magnolia. 
153. The Arrangement of Leaves on the stem has 
(59). Leaves are either 
Alternate, when they follow each other one by one, 
as in the Morning-Glory (Fig. 4) and the Linden 
(Fig. 83); or 
Opposite, when in pairs, 
that is, two on each joint of 
stem, one opposite the other, 
as in Maples (Fig. 84). To 
these may be added a third, 
but Jess common arrangement, 
viz. the 
Whorled ; where there are 
three, four, or more leaves on 
137" 
Stipules united. the same joint of stem, forming Whorled leaves, 
a circle or whorl; as in Madder and Bedstraw (Fig. 137’). But this is only a 
variety of the opposite mode. 
Analysis of the Section. 
81. Vegetation very simple.in plan, very diversified in particulars. 82. The study of the forms of 
the organs is Morphology. 
83-89. Roots, their forms and kinds. 84. Primary or original; secondary;.how they originate, 
85. Aerial roots. 86. Aerial rootlets. 87. Air-Plants; how they live. 88. Parasitic Plants, their 
economy. 89. Shapes of roots: fibrous; fleshy; the principal sorts. 
90. Forms or kinds of stem; herbaceous, shrubby, arboreous. 91. Culm or straw-stem. 92. Direc- 
tions or positions of stems. 98. Peculiar sorts. 94. Thorns or Spines, how shown to be branches; 
already been explained as to the two principal ways — 
