POPULAR FLORA. 201 
89. PINE FAMILY. Order CONIFERZ. 
The only familiar family of Gymnospermous plants (218, 
250), consisting of trees or shrubs, with resinous juice, mostly 
awl-shaped or needle-shaped leaves, and moncecious or dicecious 
flowers of a very simple sort, and collected in catkins, except in 
Yew. In that the fertile flower is single at the end of the 
branch. No calyx nor corolla, and no proper pistil. Ovules 
and seeds naked. Sterile flowers of a few stamens or anthers, 
fixed to & scale. Cotyledons often more than one pair, some- 
times as many as 9 or 12, in a whorl. — For illustrations, see 
Fig. 49, 50, 134, 196, 197, 224 to 226, and 498, 499.— This 
family comprises some of our most important timber-trees, and 
the principal evergreen forest-trees of Northern climates. It 498. Fertile fowers, or young cone, 
consists of three well-marked subfamilies : — lew ol one od coe aeloninuts poe 
view of one of the scales and its pair 
of naked ovules, more magnified. 
I. PINE Susraminy. Fertile flowers many in a catkin, which in fruit becomes a strobile or cone 
(250); the scales of which are open pistils (each in the axil of a bract), with a pair of ovules or seeds 
borne on the base of each. Seeds scaling off with a wing. Cones ovate or oblong. Leaf-buds scaly. 
Flowers moncecious. 
Leaves 2 to 5 in a cluster, from the axil of a thin scale, evergreen, needle-shaped. Cone 
with thick or sometimes thin scales, (Pinus) Prine. 
Leaves many in a cluster (Fig. 184) on side spurs, and also scattered along the shoots of 
the season, needle-shaped, falling in autumn. Cone with thin scales, (Lariz) Larcn. 
Leaves all scattered along the shoots, evergreen, linear or needle-shaped. Cone with thin’ 
scales, (Abies) Frr. 
Il. CYPRESS Susramity. Fertile flowers few, in a rounded catkin, formed of scales which are 
generally thickened at the top, and without any bracts, bearing one or more ovules at the bottom. 
Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped. Leaf-buds without any scales. 
Flowers moneecious. Cone dry, opening at maturity. 
Leaves deciduous and delicate, linear, 2-ranked. Cone round and woody, each shield- 
shaped scale 2-seeded, (Taxodium) Baup-CyYPREss. 
Leaves evergreen, small, scale-like and awl-shaped (of two shapes), 
Cone woody and round; the scales shield-shaped, — ( Cupréssus) CYPRESS.* 
Cone of a few oblong and nearly flat loose scales (Fig. 498), (Thuja) ArBor-viTa.* 
Flowers dicecious, or sometimes moncecious. Fruit composed of a few closed scales, 
which become pulpy and form a sort of false berry, (Juniperus) JUNIPER. 
Il. YEW Susraminy. Buds scaly: leaves linear. Fertile flower single at the end of a branch, 
ripening into a nut-like seed. This is enclosed in an open and at length pulpy, berry-like red cup, in 
our only genus, viz. (Taxus) Yew. 
* Our only Cupressus is C. thyoides, the WatrE CxDAR, rather common South. The ARBOR-vIT#, 
Thuja occidentalis, so common North, and cultivated for evergreen hedges, is also called WHITE CEDAR. 
Our Rep Cepar is a Juniper. 
