CHAPTER V. 



OSTEOLOGY— THE STUDY OF THE BONES. 



THE DETERMINATION OF THE EIGHT AND LEFT WITH CERTAIN BONES — SPECIAL MNE- 

 MONICS OF THE HUMERUS — DBTALIBD DESCRIPTION OF THE SCAPULA, HUMERUS, 

 CARPAIIA, CLATICULA, STERNUM, COST^Sl, PELVIS, VERTEBRA AND SKULL. 



§ 363. A general description of the whole skeleton has been 

 given on pp. 87-95. In accordance with the general plan of this work 

 as stated in § 128, certain parts of the skeleton are also desciibed 

 somewhat in detail, while others are mentioned only incidentally or 

 not at all. 



Sooner or later, of course, the student will consult some complete 

 treatise upon Human, Veterinary or Comparative Anatomy, and thus 

 acquire the information here omitted. We believe, however, that 

 he will do well to make for himself drawings and descriptions of the 

 bones not fully described here ; the drawings should be in outline 

 or but slightly shaded ; the descriptions should be in two parts, 

 general and brief, and special and detailed. 



DETERMHSTATIOlsr OF EIGHT AND LEFT. 



§ 369. The right and left of paired bones may be determined 

 by reference to a mounted skeleton or figure. The longer membral 

 bones and the parts of the shoulder and pelvic girdles may also be 

 distinguished by means of the following special formulae :— 



In all cases, except with the scapula, innominatum and fibula, 

 the long axis of the given bone is placed Jiorizontally from the left 

 to the right of the observer, and the distal end is made io point to 

 the side to which the given hone belongs. 



At the end of the formula for determining the side of the body 

 to which a long bone belongs, are placed directions for the recogni- 

 tion of one of the extremities and two of the sides or aspects which 

 are not opposite. The end and the sides not given may then be 

 readily ascertained. Finally, there are directions for determining 



