153 ANATOMICAL TECHNOLOQT. 



§ 380. Special Mnemonics of the Humerus. — With a bone 

 having such numerous and. important anatomical relations, so vari- 

 ously placed in different animals and. in the same animal at differ- 

 ent times, so frequently involved in surgery, and so generally rep- 

 resented in painting and statuary, it is very desirable that the names 

 and relative positions of the parts should be promptly remembered. 

 The following mnemonic suggestions may prove useful to some : — 



Of the two ends of the bone, proximal and distal, the former is 

 the larger and has the longer name. 



The cephalic side is also called radial, and both these names are 

 longer than the corresponding words caudal and ulnar, which 

 apply to the opposite side. 



With one exception, the principal features of the cephalic side 

 have longer names than the similar parts upon the caudal side. 

 TrocMter, capitellum and Fs. radkdis are longer than irochin, 

 trocMea and Fs. ulnaris. The trochiter itself also is larger than 

 the trochin. 



Epicondylus equals epitrochlea in length, but the latter is read- 

 ily associated with irocTilea, and itself suggests the name of the Fm-. 

 epitrochleare. 



In the normal position of the arm, the deep olecranon fossa 

 (Fig. 71) is uppermost with both man and cat. With the cat also, 

 the longer and more decided dorsal concavity of the bone as a 

 whole may be, though somewhat remotely, associated with the back 

 of a saddle horse. 



§ 381. The selected portions of the skeleton are here described 

 in the following order, which is mainly that of their simplicity : — 



Scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, clavicula, sternum, 

 costse (ribs), pelvis, vertebrae, and skull. The other raembral bones 

 and the Os hyoides have been briefly described in §§ 220-224. 



THE SCAPULA (Fig. 30, 43, 44, 4o, 67, 74, 75). 



References.— -Straus-Durcklieim, A, I, 507-509 ; Parker, A, 315, PI. sxx. ; Owen, A, 

 II, 488 ; Gray, A, 318-333 ; Qaain, A, I, 81 ; Chauveau, A, 81 ; Cbauveau (Fleming), A, 

 73 ; Flower, A, 331 and 339 ; Hamphrey, A, 368-370 ; Mivart, B, 89-91 ; Leyh, A, 170, 171. 



§ 382. General Description. — The scapula (shoulder blade or 

 blade bone) is a flat irregular bone imbedded in the muscles on the 

 latei'al aspect of the cephalic region of the thorax (Fig. 30, 67, 74, 

 75), and articulating with the humerus to form the shoulder joint. 



As seen from its ental or ectal aspect (Fig. 43 and 44), the out- 



