VERTEBRA. 



173 



Bfiiim nmnUi 



enclosed by the neural arch and. the dorsal aspect of the centrum.. The neural foramina 

 of all the vertebrae, together with the ligaments, form the neural canal. 



% 483. Fm. (Foramen) vertebrarteriale.— This foramen is found in the base of the 

 diapophyses of all the cervical vertebras except the last, and rarely in that. In man it is 

 usually present in the last ; Humphrey, A, 143. This foramen transmits the Arteria et 

 Vena vertebralis (Fig. 104). 



§ 484. Inc. (Incisura) vertebralis— Notch.— The pedicles are notched, especially on 

 the caudal side. When the vertebrae are united these notches 

 form the so-called interverteh-al foramina, through which 

 pass the vessels and nerves to and from the neural canal. 



§ 48j. Lm. (Lamina) neuralis— Lamina.— The two 

 laminae form the roof of the neural arch. Laterally they join 

 the pedicles, and from their junction at the meson springs 

 the neural spine. 



§ 486. Metapophysis- Mammillary process.— This is a 

 dorso-lateral projection of the praezygapophyses of the lumbar 

 vertebrEe. It corresponds to the internal tubercle of the tho- 

 racic transverse processes ; Quain, A, I, 15. 



§ 487. Pedicle.— The pedicle of a vertebra forms the 

 side of the neural arch. It extends dorsad and joins the 

 lamina. 



§ 488. Prszygapophysis- Superior articulating process.— This process articulates 



Fia. 53.— Catidal View 

 OP THE Fourth Cer- 

 vical Vertebra ; x 1. 



fidUil^ 



Lm^ Ttmralls 



Lm, veunlk 



•AfliwniuSareofi 



'fitthna cariulll ''^ 



Fig. 54. — Caudal View of the Seventh 

 Thoracic Vertebra : x 1. 



fosr T^qo-pephuBta 

 apopkasiB 

 pephusii 

 PediaU 



Jne. ver, 

 iralis 



Fig. 55.— Caudal View of the Fourth 

 Lumbar Vertebra ; x 1. 



diarthrodially with the postzygapophysis of the preceding vertebra. The arthral surface 

 of this process faces nearly dorsad or dorso-mesad. 



§489. Postzygapophysis — Inferior articulating process. — The postzygapophysis ar- 

 ticulates diarthrodially with the praezygapophysis of the vertebra immediately following 

 it. Its arthral surface faces nearly ventrad or ventro-laterad. 



§ 490. Sp. neu. — Spina neuralis^Neural spine. Spinous process, az. — This is a 

 mesal process arising from the neural arch and extending approximately dorsad. 



THE SKULL. 



General References to the Skull. — Straus-Durckheim, A, I, 380 ; Quain, A, I, 31 ; 

 Gray, A, 149 ; Humphrey, A, 175 ; Darling and Ranney, A, 17 ; Cuvier, A, II, 177 ; Owen, 



