306 ANATOMICAL TEGBNOLOGT. 



cles which supervenes soon after death renders dissection difficult. 

 The condition usually passes off within a few hours, and may be 

 speedily overcome by immersing the animal for 40-60 minutes in 

 water at about 35° C. (95° F.). 



DESCEIPTIONS OF CERTAHST MUSCLES. 



§ 602. Limitation. — For the reasons stated in § 138, the myological portion of tliis 

 work directly relates to only about one fifth of the whole numher of muscles which have 

 been enumerated in the cat. As with the bones, however, (§ 368), the student is advised 

 to pursue the subject further, making original drawings and descriptions of at least one 

 musde in another part of the body. Whether it can be at once identified with some mus- 

 cle in man is of less importance, so far as the training of the pupil is concerned, than the 

 accurate determination of its connections and other characters. 



§ 603. The Method here Followed. — With few exceptions, each of the forty muscles 

 here considered is described under the following heads : — 



1. Synonymy. — We have given the names for the same muscle employed by Straus- 

 Durckheim and Mivart, and the names for what appears to us to be the homologous mus- 

 cle in man and in the horse. The anthropotomical names are taken from " Gray " and 

 " Quain," and the hippotomical ones from the French and the English (Fleming's) editions 

 of " Chauveau." In some cases, we have been unable to satisfy ourselves as to the homol- 

 ogy. We should have been glad to include references to the works of Leyh (A) and 

 Gurlt (A) upon the horse, to Krause's Anatomy of the rabbit (A), and to Coues's paper on 

 the opossum (47). The authors' names are indicated by the initial letters only. 



2. Figures. — Here are enumerated the figures wherein the muscle appears. 



3. General Description. — This is a brief indication of the general form and connections. 

 4 Posture. — We have indicated the position of the body or limb which seems most 



favorable to the examination of the muscle. 



5. Exposure. — Here are given directions for bringing the muscle into view by the 

 removal of the skin or overlying parts. 



6. Dissection. — This includes the operations by which the borders of the muscle are to 

 be raised, its body transected and the ends reflected so as to display the attachments. 



7 and 8. Origin and insertion. — Here are given more detailed descriptions of the two 

 attachments. 



In addition to the above, a complete account of each muscle should embrace its nervous 

 and vascular supply, its actions, direct, indirect and associated, and its variations. 



Errors and Defects. — During the past four years the descriptions and directions here 

 given have been employed by the students in the anatomical laboratory of Cornell Univer- 

 sity. Inasmuch, however, as annual modifications have been found necessary, we cannot 

 hope that their present form is altogether what it should be, and we shall be very grate- 

 ful for the correction of errors and the pointing out of defects. 



We desire here to repeat the expression of our sense of obligation to Prof. T. B. 

 Stowell, who has kindly followed the descriptions and directions scalpel in hand, and has 

 given us the benefit of many valuable suggestions and criticisms as to both the facts and 

 the method of stating them, and as to the extent of variation in different individuals. 



A former special student. Dr. E. M. Howard, generously placed at our disposal for 

 comparison his manuscript descriptions of the muscles of the cat. 



§ 604. The Names of the Muscles. — The number, extent and nature of the changes 

 proposed in the names of the muscles are set forth in the Table on p. 307. 



In that Table the names in the left hand column are those adopted in the present work ; 



