1494 CXXII. CEEATOPHYLLEJE. [Ceratophylhim. 



pressed 2 to 3 lines long, more or less covered with minute tubercules, the margin 

 not winged, but bearing below the middle 2 to 4 reflexed prickles, very variable in. 

 length. — C. suhmersum, Linn. DC. I.e. 



Hab.: Southern localities, common in most still waters. 



Order CXXIII. CONIFERiE. 



Flowers moncecious or dicecious, the males in deciduous catkins, the> 

 females in cones or solitary, all without any perianth. Male catkins consisting 

 of several usually numerous scale-like stamens, opposite and decussate, or in 

 alternating whorls, or in dense spires imbricated round a common axis, eachi 

 stamen consisting of a connective more or less contracted into a stipes at the base 

 and dilated at the apex ; anther-cells 2 or more, adnate to the stipes or pendulous, 

 from under the scale-like apex, opening longitudinally in 2 valves. Female cones, 

 consisting either, of opposite verticillate or spirally arranged imbricate scales,, 

 with 12 or more erect or inflexed naked orthotropous or anatropous ovules (erect. 

 or recurved pistil according to some theorists) within each scale ; or of a fleshy- 

 cup or receptacle with 1 or 2 exserted ovules (or pistils). Fruit (or syncarp. 

 according to some) the more or less enlarged and hardened or succulent cone.. 

 Seeds (or fruits) often winged ; testa (or pericarp) hard orustaceous or 

 membranous ; albumen fleshy ; embryo in the axis, straight, with two or more 

 cotyledons; radicle terete, often attached by a folded thread. — Trees . or shrubs 

 often resinous, the wood without medullary rays or vascular tissue proper ; wood- 

 cells studded with disks. Leaves sometimes reduced to small scales, opposite- 

 whorled or spirally arranged or in genera not Australian alternate, and sometimes 

 eUi.-tered 2 to 5 together in membranous sheaths. Male catkins solitary or- 

 clustered, terminal or rarely axillary, female cones usually lateral on short 

 peduncles or terminating reduced branchlets. 



An extensive Order spread over nearly the whole glo"e, especially in the northern hemisphere^ 

 but within the tropics chiefly confined to mountainous regions. Of the four Queensland genera. 

 Podocarpus, extends northwards to Japan and to the West Indies, and with Araucaria is in 

 South America, Agathis is in New Zealand and the Archipelago. CaZJiO'JS extends to New 

 Caledonia. 



A. — Ovules erect. 



TiiiEE I. CnpTessineae.—Scales of the female cone opposite in several series. Ovules: 

 usually 2 or more on each scale. Leaves very short or subulate. 



Leaves or scales in whorls of 3 or 4. Ovules numerous within each scale . . 1. Callitbis. 



B. — Ovules reversed; 



Tkibe II. Podocarpese. — Scales of the female cone very fetv, spirally crowded, often 

 fleshy. Ovule 1 or 2 under each scale. 



Leaves alternate or opposite, usually distichous or flat, with a prominent midrib. 

 Ovules exserted from an oblong fleshy receptacle 2. Podocaepus. 



Tribe III. Araucarie£e. — Scales of female cone many, spirally arranged in several series,, 

 bract and ovuliferous scale confluent as one scale. 



Leaves (rarely reduced to scales) spiral or scattered. Cone-scales flat, hardened 

 at the apex. Seeds compressed, the outer integument appressed, often 

 winged. 

 Male amenta dense, cylindrical. Anther-cells, more than 5. Cones large. 

 Ovules 1 to each scale. 

 Seeds oblong, free from the scales, winged on one side ....... 3. Aqathis. 



Seeds obovate-oblong, adnate to the Eoale at the base, not winged, ... 4. AnAUCABiA.. 



1. CALLITRIS, Vent. 



(Supposed by some to be altered fropa Eallistos, most beautiful, by others from 



the scale-like leaves being arranged in threes.) 



(Frenela, Mirb., partly; Leichhardtia, Sheph. ; Octoclinis, F. v. il.) 



Flowers monajcious. Male amenta cylindrical oblong or ovoid, the stamens in. 

 whorls of 3 or rarely 4, imbricate in twice as many vertical rows, the scale-like,- 



