In the Elms, Willows, Basswood and many other species the 
terminal bud and a small portion of the tip of the twig dies 
and drops off in late autumn, leaving a small scar at the end of 
the twig (a, fig. vr). The presence of this tip-scar indicates that 
VIL WINTER the terminal bud is absent. Often a 
% lateral bud will be found very close to 
TWIG OF BLACK the tip-scar (b, fig. v1), which, bending 
WALNUT into line with the twig, makes it appear 
is terminal. However, the presence of a 
leaf-scar immediately below it shows it 
to be a lateral bud (c, fig. v1). In some 
large twigs the eye unaided will serve to 
find the tip-scar, but with the smaller 
twigs a hand-lens is necessary. 
The arrangement, size and shape of 
the leaf-scars (c, fig. vir) are important 
factors in identification by winter char- 
acters. Within the leaf-scars are one or 
more dots (d, fig. vir), sometimes quite 
inconspicuous, often very prominent. 
These are the scars left by the fibro- 
‘vascular bundles which run through the 
petiole into the blade of the leaf, and 
are designated as bundle-scars. There 
may be only one as in Sassafras and 
Hackberry, two as in Ginkgo, three as 
in the Poplars and Cherries, or many; 
and they may be arranged in a U- or 
V-shaped line, or they may be without 
a. ‘Terminal bud. 
be eats definite order. Often  stipule-scars 
d. Bundie-scars. (d, fig. v1) occur on either side of the 
e. Pith, 
leaf-scar; these are scars left by the 
fall of a pair of small leaflets called stipules and located at the 
base of the leaves, and their form varies according to the form 
of the stipules which made them. 
BARK.—The woodsman uses the bark of a tree more than 
any other character in distinguishing the trees about him, and he 
is often able to use this character alone with much accuracy at 
great distances. However, the appearance of bark differs so 
greatly with the age of the tree and with its environment that 
— xvI — 
