lows, are so small and light that they are carried long distances by 
the wind; others, like the hickory nuts and walnuts, are too heavy 
to be wind-blown. Many fruits are of considerable economic and 
commercial importance and are gathered and marketed on a large 
scale; such are the hickory nuts, wal- 
nuts, chestnuts, etc. Some, not esteemed VI. WINTER 
by man, form an important article of TWIG OF RED 
diet for the birds and small animals MULBERRY 
of the forest. Unfortunately, there are 
a number of limitations to the useful- 
ness of fruit for identification pur- 
poses. ‘Some trees require years to 
mature their fruit. Many trees, while 
producing an abundance of fruit at cer- 
tain intervals, bear none at all or only 
very small and uncertain quantities be- 
tween the years of abundance. Again, 
in the case of dioecious trees, only the 
female or pistillate bear fruit. Not- 
withstanding these limitations tree fruits 
are a very valuable aid to the student, 
and he should always search closely for 
evidences of their presence and character. 
‘WINTER-BUDS.—Buds, with_ their 
accompanying leaf- and stipule-scars 
form the basis of tree identification in 
winter. The size, color, position with 
reference to the twig, number and ar- 
rangement and character of bud-scales, 
etc., are all characters of the greatest a. Tip-scar. 
a : Z b. Lateral bud. 
value in winter determinations. Buds c. Leaf-scar. 
d. Stipule-scars. 
are either terminal or lateral, depending 
on their position on the twig. A lateral bud is one situated on 
the side of a twig in the axil of a leaf-scar. A terminal bud is 
one situated at the end of a twig, where it is ready to continue 
the growth of the twig the following spring. In the keys an 
important consideration is the presence or absence of the terminal 
bud. Inasmuch as the determination of this point gives the 
beginner some trouble at first, it is hoped that the accompanying 
diagrams and explanatory remarks will make the distinction clear. 
