84 TREES AND TREE-PLANTING. 
panying or preceding intermittents, or occurring inde- 
pendently of malaria. In constipation, due to hepatic 
torpor, it is highly recommended. 
THE RED ELM. 
The red elm is the brother of the white elm, but it 
inhabits higher and dryer ground. As a shade-tree it is 
splendid, and grows rapidly. The wood is used for car- 
riages, and also makes excellent fuel. Trees of this kind, 
planted in 1861, grew to be twelve inches in diameter in 
ten years. They are often, however, attacked by insects, 
which burrow under the bark for sap. 
It will thrive in low, wet soil, is a medium-sized tree, 
about fifty or sixty feet in height, and from two to three 
feet in diameter; it also thrives on dryer ground and 
higher up than the rest of the native species. The red 
elm does not compare with the white elm in grace and 
beauty, but its wood is much more durable and tougher 
when exposed to atmospheric changes. The small spec- 
imens are used as wagon-hubs, carriage-hubs, etc., not 
being so very liable to crack in seasoning. In some sec- 
tions of the country it is used for rails; the only objec- 
tion to it for this purpose is its liability to rot on contact 
with the ground. The sap-wood in the red elm is very 
small. 
