CHAPTER LVI. 
PROPAGATION OF TREES. 
Propagating.—Contrast of Theory and Practical Knowledge.—Meth- 
ods of Propagating.—Varieties from Original Species, How Pro- 
duced.—Sceding.—Time and Manner of Sowing, with Necessary 
Considerations.—Preparation of the Soil.—Cuttings.—What they 
Are.—When, Where, and What to Select.—Period of Longevity, 
How Ascertained.—Cause of Decay in Cuttings.—Characteristics of 
their, Growth.— How Set Out.— Evergreens.—When Propagated 
from Cuttings. — Necessary Precautions. — Layering. — Origin of 
Method. — Governing Laws of Growth in Layers. — Methods of 
Layering Described.—Budding.—Inserted and Annular Budding, 
How Performed.—Object of the Methods.—Seasonable Time for 
Operating. —Grafting.—The Splice, Saddle, and Cleft Modes Sepa- 
rately Explained.—Pruning.—The Object of Pruning and the Ben- 
efits Effected Thereby. 
PROPAGATING. 
Tux methods of propagating the several varieties of 
trees require close attention, and they are in themselves 
of such importance to the grower that to acquire an ac- 
curate knowledge of the art mere theory will not suffice, 
but a thoroughly practical application of patience and per- 
severance will only succeed in dealing with their many 
delicacies and afford a successful issue of the undertaking. 
Season, perfected condition of the bud or graft, posi- 
tion as to shelter and influence of the sun, quality of 
seed, fitness of soil to variety, and many other consid- 
erations have to be reviewed, the determining of which 
is of the utmost importance in the production of a suc- 
cessful growth. 
The methods of propagating, when it becomes neces- 
sary to preserve or increase an original species, or vary 
