218 TREES AND TREE-PLANTING. 
is in the spring when the leaves have just put forth, so 
as to take full advantage of the entire season’s growth, 
for the perfecting of the roots previous to separating the 
branch from the parent stock in the following fall. The 
operation, however, should not be delayed longer than 
midsummer, unless it be intended that the layer should 
have the second season for perfecting its root, which 
is sometimes necessary in the case of some evergreens 
and deciduous trees tardy in emitting roots. 
BUDDING. 
Budding is performed by the transfer of a bud of one 
tree to the stem or branch of another, generally mem- 
bers of the same genus; though in some species excep- 
tions exist which do not allow of this assimilated connec- 
tion. The object of budding is to convey the natural 
qualities of one variety to those of another, either to pro- 
duce ornamental difference or to multiply productive 
species, and also to supply deficiencies of limbs in trees 
naturally of sparse growth. As in layering to produce 
roots, so in budding, alburnumous substance or sap forms 
the union between the bud and stock. The operation 
is usually performed in summer, on the development of 
the buds of the same season’s growth; and as it is required 
that the bark shall part easily from the wood, both the 
stock and bud should be of equal 
advancement in the growth of the 
season. The sap at this season be- 
ing in a semi-fluid state, by the ac- 
tion of its natural properties de- 
taches, though little, the bark from 
the wood, and allows of its being 
easily raised for the insertion of 
the portion of bark attached to 
the bud. The operation of strik- 
ing out a bud is performed by the 
’ insertion of a knife about an inch 
