224 



OUTLINES OF PLANT LIFE. 



minute bractlets sometimes become highly developed beneath 

 the fruit. The cup of the acorn and the husk of the hazle- 

 nut originate in this way as the nuts form. The similar husk 

 of the beechnut and chestnut encloses more than one fruit. 



Fig. 194. — Fruit of the apple. A , halved longitudinally ; B, halved transvereely, /, 



{)ericarp, enclosing seeds ; g, vascular bundles of the fleshy torus entering k, the calyx 

 eaves. One half natural size. -^ After Focke. 



Fig. 195. 



Fig. 105. — Vertical section of a flower of raspberry {Rubus tcieeus), showing numerous 

 pistils which form the caplike fruit over the enlarged torus ; stamens, corolla, and 

 calyx all united at base. Magnified about 2 diam. — After Kemer. 



Fig. 196. — A, pistillate flower cluster of white mulberry; Bj multiple fruit from same. 

 Natural size. — After Baillon. 



311. Distributive arrangements. — The young of all plants 

 must be so scattered as to prevent them from coming into 

 sharp competition with the parents. In seed plants this dis- 

 tribution occurs at the time of maturity of the seed, i e., when 

 the embryo has become dormant, and the food store and pro- 



