290 APPENDIX. 



Other Hymenomycetes. — Collect fleshy cap fungi with hanging 

 points instead of gills (Hydnum, fig. 217), or intersecting plates 

 forming tubes (Boletus). Preserve these as mushroom. Collect 

 also the woody bracket fungi (Polyporus, fig. 218), which grow on 

 rotten trees and fallen limbs, showing innumerable fine tubes 

 underneath. Preserve dry. Also the much branched firm- 

 fleshed Clavaria (fig. 215). Preserve as mushroom. All will be 

 found in damp woods. 



Marchantia. — Common on wet ground and rocks, or even in 

 drier places among grass in the shade of walls or fences. It 

 may be recognized by iiattish green body about i cm. wide and 

 5-8 cm. long, attached by silky hairs. At some times it bears on 

 the upper surface sessile cups containing green grains, and sends 

 up erect slender sexual branches which spread out into flat heads 

 6-8 mm. across, some scalloped at edge and some with finger-like 

 rays. When cups or sexual branches are present no other liver- 

 wort can be mistaken for it. A very similar one, except in these 

 parts (Conocephalus conicus) may be distinguished by its larger 

 size and larger stomata, looking like needle pricks over the sur- 

 face, while those of Marchantia are just visible. It may be used 

 for the vegetative parts. Collect in July. Free from dirt as 

 much as possible, and preserve in formalin or 10% alcohol. 



Forella. — Abundant everywhere on the bases of trees especially 

 in low grounds or wet bottom lands. It may be recognized by 

 its dirty-green pinnately branched shoots, 1-2 mm. wide, with 

 crowded overlapping rounded leaves. The plants are always in- 

 tricately interwoven. Flakes of the bark may be peeled off with 

 a broad knife or chisel, taking care not to tear up the plants into 

 too small patches. Collect in summer. Preserve dry, after dry- 

 ing under light pressure. Some should be kept in formalin or 

 alcohol for demonstration of finer structure of sex organs. 



Mnium. — Any species of the genus will do. The commonest 

 species eastward is M. cuspidatum. It is abundant everywhere in 

 patches on shady banks and in open woods about the bases of 

 trees. It may be recognized by the yellow or orange oval cap- 

 sule, thin and irregularly wrinkled when dry, horizontal or pen- 

 dent on a stalk 2-3 cm. long. The leaves are broadly oval, with 

 fine sharp teeth under lens, and a distinct midrib. When moist 

 the leaves are rather pale green, and not crowded or overlapping. 

 When dry the clump is a dull, dirty green, and the leaves are 

 much curled and twisted, expanding quickly when wetted. The 



