MOUNTAINS AND FJELDs. 11s 
draba, saxifraga, gentiana, primula, and poa, besides other 
genera belonging to ranunculacéae, eruciferae, caryophyl- 
laveae, leguminosae, compositae, gramineae, lichenes, and 
musci. On some of the Alps we find flowering plants 
reaching to the height of between 10,000 and 11,000 feet 
or more. Schlagintweit found, on the central and southern 
“Alps, at from 10,650 to 11,700 feet, androsace glacialis, 
A. helvetica, cerastium latifolium, cherleria seloides, 
chrysanthemum alpinum, gentiana bavarica, ranunculus 
glacialis, saxifraga bryoides, S. oppositifolia, and silene 
acaulis. The extreme limit of mosses in the Alps isin 
general little above that of phanzrogamous plants. The 
_last lichens are to be found on the highest summits of the 
Alps, attached to projecting rocks, without any limitation 
of height. 
‘On the Pyreuees the following zones are observed :— 
1. The zone of vine and maize cultivation, and of the 
‘chestnut woods, 2. A zone extending from the limit of 
the vine to about 4,200 feet, at which limit the cultivation 
“ of rye ceases; here we meet with buxus sempervirens, 
saxifraga geum, arinus alpinus, ernica montana, &. 3. 
From the limit of the cultivation of esculent vegetables 
at 4,200 feet, to the zone of the spruce fir. 4. From the 
limit of the spruce fir zone at 6000 to 7,200 feet, charac- 
terised by the presence of the Scotch fir. 5. From 7000 
~ to 8,400 feet, is an alpine zone, characterised by the dwarf 
juniper, draba aizoides, saxifraga bryoides, soldanella 
alpina, juncus trifidus, &c. 6. A zone above 8,400 feet, 
exhibits a few alpine species, as ranunculus glacialis, 
draba nivalis, stellaria cerastoides, androsace alpina, and 
- saxifraga groenlandica, 
‘There are thus in lofty mountain districts evident belts 
of vegetation. At the lower part is the region of lowland 
cultivation, where the ordinary cultivated plants of the 
country thrive. In cold regions this is very limited, while 
in warm regions it is extended. To this region succeeds 
that of trees. In high northern latitudes, as at 70°, it 
reaches to between 700 and 800 feet; on Aitna to 6200; 
