SHIPBUILDING AND SHIPPING. 209 
In general, the captain holds a share in the ship, and 
sometimes he is sole owner; and the greater part of the 
shipowners are old captains, well acquainted with what 
ships should be, and what sbips should do. 
Captains and mates of vessels sailing to foreign ports 
must undergo an examination in navigation, and must 
have served a certain time as seamen. There are 15 
navigation schools maintained by the State, or by com- 
munes. From 1871 to 1876, upon an average 1432 candi- 
dates presented themselves for examination. The Nor- 
wegian seamen are generally skilful and well-behaved, and 
the country is proud of them. Many Norwegian seamen 
serve in foreign vessels, more especially those of Ureat 
Britain, and of the United States of America. 
Dr Broch gives a tabulated statement of the annual 
consumption of victuals in the State hospital in Chris- 
tiania, in the workmen’s economic dining halls in 
Christiania, in the Royal navy, in the merchant navy, 
and in the army, in camp and in garrison. From this it 
appears that the diet in the mercantile navy is very satis- 
factory—the consumption of butter is astounding: it is 
given as 26 kogren per annum. 
The census of 1865 gives the following as the numbers 
of persons mainly occupied with navigation :— 
Heads of Other Members Domestics. 
Family. of Family, 
In Towns, ‘ F 13,386 21,613 1,835 
In Country Districts, 17,647 20,171 1,947 
In whole Kingdom, . 31,033 41,834 3,782 
Or a total of 76,649 persons, equal to 4°5 per cent. of 
the entire population. 
By Dr Broch there is given the number of strandings 
and of shipwrecks which have occurred on different, parts 
of the coast ; the total number of these ; and the number 
g 
