go The Carnivora. 
perhaps, whence the Romans derived their short-face breed 
resembling the bulldog. 
Though we cannot here trace any continuity of descent, 
it is evident that a considerable differentiation from its 
wolfish ancestors had been established in the domestic dog 
at a very early period; but whether this was effected by 
conscious or unconscious selection—designed or accidental 
variations—it is impossible to determine. We may, however, 
safely conclude that slight accidental variations have in every 
case of domestication suggested the production of variations 
by selection. 
Surrounded as they were by predatory animals and hostile 
tribes, it is singular that the most pastoral people of the 
ancient world—the Hebrews—did not generally employ the 
dog as a guardian of the flocks and herds. Their “unclean 
beast” was not a favourite, nor even a humble servant of 
those patriarchal shepherds, and their annual loss of stock 
must consequently have been very serious. The dog is 
mentioned once at least in the Bible in connection with 
pastoral life, and in a manner not wholly contemptuous, 
when Job, referring to the esteem in which he had been 
held, and the rise of a generation of wealthy novi homines, 
remarks: “But now they that are younger than I have me 
in derision, whose fathers I would have disdained to set with 
the dogs of my flock.” According to some commentators, 
however, the Book of Job is of very doubtful Hebrew origin. 
It would be interesting, if it were possible, to ascertain 
where the Greeks obtained the dog, or the idea embodied 
in a piece of sculpture of the fifth century B.c., representing 
an animal of the Newfoundland type. We believe this 
breed to be derived from the North American Continent. 
How, then, did anything resembling it find its way to Greece? 
The coat and other characteristics betoken a northern origin, 
or at least a habitat and climate alien to Southern Europe. 
Possibly it may have come from the Caucasus, or the 
mountainous regions of the Ural, or even the shores of the 
