226 The Carntvora. 
are derived from association with man, and he cannot acquire 
either without constant companionship with his master, and 
this on terms of equality. No one who has not thoroughly 
respected his dog has ever had a dog worthy of respect and 
esteem, nor can he know what such a one is. When I 
perceive in this animal, and in this alone to any marked 
degree, the same moral qualities as I observe in my fellow 
man—when I know that he will cheerfully endure suffering, 
and go joyously to death even, for my sake—I am content to 
accept these acts as the expression of a moral character. 
High as are the merely mental faculties of the monkey, he 
is almost devoid of the moral sense as we find it in the dog. 
Darwin, in his “Descent of Man,” has shown how this 
sense is primarily derived from the social instincts. In its 
most elementary form, it is expressed by pleasure in the 
society of our fellows, by sympathy with them, and the dis- 
position to render them various services. Trivial examples 
may help to show this, as when a horse, irritated by a 
gadfly on some part of his body which he cannot reach, goes 
to another, and nibbles him on the corresponding part. The 
horse receiving this intimation of discomfort, almost always 
immediately nibbles the sufferer on the same part, and we 
may see cattle scratching one another with their horns. One 
of my dogs making fruitless efforts to scratch himself, on 
account of a wounded and bandaged foot; the other under- 
stood his difficulty, and set to work to nibble him for 
several minutes about the spot, much to the gratification 
of the sufferer. No candid mind can doubt that these actions 
represent that spirit of benevolence which, when very highly 
developed, prompts us to the care of the sick, and to 
the most heroic actions in the cause of humanity. Habit 
has a strong tendency to confirm and extend these actions, 
and to render them instinctive, and then a sense of dissatis- 
faction is experienced when they are not performed, just 
as is the case with all other instincts. 
These impulses, stirring in animals, though much more 
