460 HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT 



are partly free and partly bound; the alterna- 

 tives are not merely freedom or determinism, 

 but rather freedom and determinism. 



1. Determinism not Fatalism. — Whatever 

 the philosophical meaning of "determinism" 

 may be, all that is meant by that term in science 

 and in actual life is that every effect is the re- 

 sultant of antecedent causes and that identical 

 causes yield identical results. Determinism 

 does not mean predeterminism : the one finds 

 every effect to be due to a long chain of pre- 

 ceding causes, the other attributes every effect 

 to a single original cause; the one is scientific 

 naturalism, the other is fatalism. 



Applying this to personality actual experi- 

 ence teaches that constant conditions of he- 

 redity and environment give constant results 

 in development and that different conditions 

 give different results. Undoubtedly the entire 

 personality, body and mind, undergoes de- 

 velopment, and modifications of either heredity 

 or environment modify personality. This is 

 scientific determinism, but it is not fatalism 

 and it is not incompatible with a certain 

 amount of freedom and responsibility. 



