DAWN OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING 233 



The same idea was carried out at Badminton, where the avenues 

 extended for miles into the country, and met at a distant 

 point. 1 This is all quite beyond the scope of a garden, and 

 therefore beyond my subject ; but as now the time has been 

 reached when, according to Walpole, " Kent leapt the fence 

 and saw all nature was a garden," it was necessary to take a 

 glance beyond. 



To the lovers of flowers a garden was always a garden ; under 

 their protection, horticulture and botany were making steady 

 progress, in spite of the new rage for merging the garden in the 

 park. The workers in the practical branches of gardening were 

 many. Richard Bradley, Philip Miller, Thomas Fairchild, and 

 John Lawrence were among the most famous. Bradley was 

 a very voluminous writer on Natural History, Gardening, and 

 Botany. 2 He entered into various questions concerning the 

 growth of plants, the movements of the sap, and fertilization. 

 " The sap of plants," he wrote, " circulates much after the same 

 manner as the Fluids do in Animal Bodies." On fertilization 

 he says he received " many hints from a gentleman of Paris and 

 Mr. Samuel Moreland . . . how the pollen powder (or male 

 dust) fertilizes the embryo seeds in the ovary." Probably the 

 " gentleman of Paris " was Sebastien Vaillant (1669-1722), who 

 wrote on the subject, and agreed with the theories first pro- 

 pounded by Dr. Grew and Thomas Middleton, Ray, and others, 

 regarding the sexes of plants. Samuel Moreland wrote a paper 

 for the Royal Society in 1703 ; his theory varying only slightly 

 from the others as to the process by which the pollen reached 

 the ovary. Scientists made experiments on plants to prove 

 their theories, and practical gardeners were not slow in giving 

 their help. The natural result was that, before long, they 

 succeeded in improving and increasing the varieties of well- 

 known species. Bradley instances examples of cross fertiliza 

 tion, as shown by the changes of colours in auriculas and tulips, 

 and by a plant in Fairchild's garden grown from carnation seed 

 fertilized by the pollen of the Sweet William. 



Fairchild's garden at Hoxton was the scene of many experi- 

 ments. Bradley frequently refers to him as one of the most 



1 Kip's views, see Britannia Illustrata, 1709. 



' New Improvements of Planting and Gardening, 1717, etc. 



