88 Salmonidz 
spawning grounds. In years of high water doubtless many 
salmon run in the spring which might otherwise have waited 
until fall. 
The key to the situation lies in the artificial propagation of 
salmon by means of well-ordered hatcheries. By this means the 
fisheries of the Sacramento have been fully restored, those of the 
Columbia approximately maintained, and a hopeful beginning 
has been made in hatching red salmon in Alaska. 
