LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page 



Poison Spines of Fishes (after Gunther) - 350 

 Sting of Bee (after Carlet) - - - 35S 



Poison-Spine of a Sea-Urchin {Asthcno- 



soma urens) (after P. and F. Sarasin) - 361 

 Baboons retreating from Wild Dogs (from 



Brehm) ...... 364 



The Chamois [Riipicapra Tragus) - 366 

 The Common Squirrel {Sciitnis vulgaris) - 368 

 The Dodo (Didus ineptiis) - - - 369 

 Shig sus[iended by a Thread of hardened 



Shme ------- 374 



Front Part of Chick Embryo - - - 3S1 

 Californian Hag-Fish [Bdelloslovia] - ■ 3S3 

 Diagram of Circulatory System in a Fish - 3S4 

 Diagram showing the Gill-Pouches of a 



Lamprey {Petroniyzon) .... 384 

 Circulatory and Breathing Organs of Hag 



[Myxiiie gliiduosa) {^^i^f^t ]. Mtiller) - 385 

 Horizontal Section through a Shark, show- 

 ing the Gill-Pouches) (after Gegenbaur) 3S6 

 The Sea-Cat {Chiniisra monsirosa) (after 



Garman) ...... 3S7 



Horizontal Section through the Breathing 



Organs of a Teleost (after Gegenbaur) - 3SS 

 Lancelet {Atitphioxits lanceolatus) (after 



Boveri) ...... 3S9 



Section through an Acorn-headed Worm 



[Balanoglossus) (after Spengel) - - 390 

 Mail-Shell (C/;;7£)«) - - - ■ -392 

 Dissection of a Cuttle-Fish (Sepia) to show 



Gills (after Savigny) .... 3^2 

 Ormer [Haliotis) dissected to show Gills - 394 

 Shells of various Sea-Snails (after Lang) - 394 

 Diagram of a Whelk (j^//("f/;/^^;;j) (after Lang) 395 

 Gill-Cavities of John Knox's Limpet and 



Common Limpet - - . - . 396 



Diagram of Sea-Flare [Aplysia) (after Lang) 396 

 Diagrammatic Cross Section of Hind- 



gilled Snail ...... 396 



Sea-Lemon {Doris) (after Alder and Han- 

 cock) ------- 397 



Freshwater Mussel (Aiwdonta) opened to 



show Gills ...... 39S 



Freshwater Mussel [Aiwdonta) imbedded 



in mud ...... 39;^ 



G\\\s oi'Lohsiex [ffomariis viclgaris)- - 401 

 Gills of a Crab (after Gegenbaur) - - 404 

 Gills of Mantis-Shrimp and Sand-Hopper 



(after Milne-Edwards and Sars) - - 404 



Mad-Shrim-p {/\^dl>aiia) (afterMilne-Edwards) 405 

 A Mussel-Shrimp {Cypn's), enlarged • 406 



King-Crab [LAninliis) (partly after Ray 



Lankester) ---..- 406 

 Scale- Worm (PolynoS) (after Milne-Edwards) 40S 

 Lugworm [Arenioola piscatoruui), showing 



Gills 409 



A Tube-'Worm ( TcrcbcIIa), showing Gill- 

 plumes on Head ----- 409 



Page 

 Priapulus (after Ehlers) - - - • 410 



Mouth-Area of a Sea-Urchin (Echinus 



t-j(7//t'«/«j') (from Kiikenthal)- - - 412 



Cross Section through Arm of Star-Fish 



(from KUkenthal) .... 413 



Heart-Urchin (Spatangus purpureiis) - 415 



Dissection of Sea-Cucumber (after Ludwig, 



simplified) ------ 416 



Diagrammatic Vertical Section of a Sea- 

 Anemone ------ 417 



Swim-Bladder of Bichir (Polypterus), dia- 

 grammatic - - - - - - 421 



Sections through Lungs, showing Ingrowth 

 of F'olds (after Boas) .... 424 



Head of Crocodile to show Breathing 



Arrangements (after Boas) - - - 425 



Lungs of a Chameleon (after Wiedersheiin) 425 

 Lungs and Air-Sacs of a Bird (after Heider) 426 

 Convoluted \Vindpipe of a Crane - - 427 



Air-Passages of Lungs of Man - - - 42S 

 Mouth, Nose, &c., of Man, in Section - 429 

 Lung of Land-Snail (Helix) (after Hatschek 



and Cori) -.--.. ^-i^-i^ 

 Breathing Organs of Shield-bearing Centi- 

 pede (Sciitigera) (after Haase) - - 436 

 Air-Tubes of Cockroach (Periplaneia ori- 



entalis) (after Hatschek and Cori) - - 438 

 Dissection of Honey-Bee (Apis mellifica) 

 (after Leuckart) ..... ^39 



The Drone-Fly (Erlstalis ienax) and its 



Larva, the Rat-tailed ^laggot - - 441 



Larva and Pupa of Common Gnat ( Cnlex 

 pipiens), enlarged .... ^^2 



Mygale (partly dissected) from below - 443 

 The Mud-Skipper (Periophthalmus Kocl- 



reutcri) ...... ^^8 



Roach (P^eucisciis riitiltts) and Bleak 



(.4lburnus litcidus) - - - . 449 



Indian Snake-headed Fish (Ophioceplialus) 451 

 Climbing Perch (.4nabas scandens) - - 452 



Dissection of a Bitterling (Rhodeus ainarus) 452 

 Roof of Gill-Cavity in a Species of Peri- 

 winkle (Litlorina rudis) (after Pelseneer) 460 

 Apple-Snail (Aiiipullaria) (after Sempier) - 461 

 A Stone -Fly (Plcronarcys) (after New- 

 port) ------- 464 



Air-Tubes of Rectal Gills in Dragon-Fly 



Nymph (after Oustalet) - - - 465 



Nymph of Common May-Fly - - - 465 



Flinder Part of Nymph of a May -Fly 



(Chvoii dipterum) (after Zimmermann) - 465 

 Crustacean -like Nymph of a May -Fly 



(/"/iW/;)-/!);//,!) (after Vayssierel - - 466 



Stages in Life-History of a Sand-Midge 



(Siinulia) (after \'erdat) - - - 46S 



Diagrammatic Cross Section through 

 Breathing Organs of Robber Crab 

 (Birgiis latro) (after Semper) - . 469 



