CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XXVII.— ANIMAL DEFENCES— SPECIAL 

 PRECAUTIONARY HABITS 



Page 



Feeding at Favourable Times : Nocturnal Animals— Night-Monkeys, Lemurs, 

 Bats, Elephant, Hoofed Mammals, Gnawing Mammals, Edentates, Marsupials, 

 Monotremes ; Owl-Parrot, Kiwi ; Geckos ; Amphibians ; Fishes ; Cockroaches, 

 Crickets, Moths, Fire- Flies; Marine Invertebrates 318 



Diurnal Animals — Herbivorous Mammals, Species exhibiting Warning Colours and 



Protective Resemblance ------ 323 



Feeding in Suitable Places : Species exhibiting Protective Resemblance, Wide 



Outlook, Proximity to Retreats ----- 324 



Arboreal Animals — Evolution of Climbing Forms - - 325 



Parachute Animals and Flying Animals — Their Evolution 327 



CHAPTER XXVIII.— ANIMAL DEFENCES— PASSIVE DEFENCE 



Unpalatableness and Indigestibility — Associated with Warning Coloration 332 



Armoured Animals— Armadilloes, Pangolins, Porcupines, Hedgehogs, Spiny 

 Ant-Eaters ; Feathers and Leg-Scales of Birds; Armoured Reptiles; Extinct 

 Armoured Amphibians, Ribs of Spanish Newt ; Armoured Fishes ; Shells of 

 Molluscs; Beetles, Weevils, Caddis-Worms; Crabs, Rock- Lobster ; Sea-Mouse, 

 Porcupine Worm, Tube-dwelling Annelids ; Skeletons of Moss-Polypes and 

 Lamp-Shells ; Plates and Spines of Sea-Urchins, Star-Fishes, &c. ; Armoured 

 Zoophytes — Hydroids, Organ-Pipe Coral, Sea-Anemones; Sponge Spicules; 

 Armoured Animalcules — Foraminifera, Radiolaria, &c. ----- ^33 



ROLLING-UP Habit— Armadilloes, Pangolins, Porcupines, Hedgehogs; Mail-Shells; 



Trilobites, Wood-Lice ----- j^i 



Death-feigning Habit — Dingo, Opossums, South American Fox; Tinamous, 



Rails ; Lizards and Amphibians ; Spiders ; Beetles ------ ^42 



Fecundity of Ill-defended Animals— Rabbit, Flesh-Fly; Bats as Check to 



increase of Oak Procession-Moth 345 



CHAPTER XXIX.— ANIMAL DEFENCES— ACTIVE DEFENCE 



Aggressive Weapons in Defence 348 



Actively Defensive Weapons: Mammals — Teeth of Apes and Monkeys, Use 

 of Missiles by Baboons, Tusks of Walrus, Elephants, Rhinoceros, V/ild Horses, 

 Teeth of Hippopotamus and Swine, Antlers and Horns of Ruminants, Claws 

 of Kangaroo, Stink-Glands of Skunk ; Birds and Reptiles — Legs of Ostrich and 

 Emeu, Rooks, Poisonous Lizards ; Poison-Spines of Fishes ; Poisoned Bite of 

 Cone-Shells, Stinging-Organs of Sea-Slugs, Shells of Tridacna; Stings and 

 Defensive Glands of Insects; Stink-Glands of Millipedes; Slime-Glands of 

 Peripatus; Bristles of Bristle- Worms ; Skin-Defences of Planarian Worms; 

 Poison-Spines of Sea-Urchins ; Stinging Organs of Zoophytes ; Irritant Rodlets 

 of Higher Animalcules - - _ _ _ ^48 



Co-operation among Social Animals— Wild Horses, &c. - . . . 362 



