CONTENTS 



ANIMAL DEFENCES 



CHAPTER XXV. — ANIMAL DEFENCES — INTRODUCTORY — 

 BODILY CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCING INCONSPICU- 

 OUSNESS 



Page 



Introductory — Different Kinds of Defence against Predaceous Forms. — I. PRE- 

 CAUTIONARY Measures: — (i) Bodily Characteristics resulting in {a) 

 Inconspicuousness, {b) Conspicuousness ; (2) Mode OF Life — {a) Feeding at 

 Favourable Times, and {b) Feeding in Favourable Places. — II. RESISTANCE: — 

 {A) Passive Defence by:— (i) Bodily Characteristics such as {a) Un- 

 palatableness and Indigestibility, {b) Armour: (2) SPECIAL Habits, e.g. Death- 

 feigning: (3) Fecundity: — {B) Active Defence by means of (i) Ordinary 

 Aggressive Weapons, (2) Actively Defensive Weapons, (3) Co-opera- 

 tion : — III. Retreat - 275 



Inconspicuousness : — General Protective Resemblance ; Transparency ; Marine 

 Surface Animals; Snow Animals — Snowy Owl; Desert Animals — Camels, 

 Antelopes, Desert Foxes, Jerboas, Desert Larks, Desert Finches, Sand-Grouse, 

 Sand-Lizard, Thorn-tailed Lizards, Desert Monitor, Common Sklnk, Adder, 

 Horned Viper, Desert Insects ; Reversed Shading ; Flat Fishes ... 277 



Specialized General Resemblance— Corals and Sea-Snails, Corals and Brittle-Stars, 



Sponges and Sea-Slugs ....----... 285 



Protective General Resemblance in Eggs and Young — Plovers, Moths, Beetles - 285 



Masking — Land-Snails, Sea-Snails, Crabs, Sea-Urchins, Sea-Anemones - - - 287 



Variable General Resemblance: Colour-Change in Snow- Animals — Variable Hare, 

 American Hare, Stoat, Weasel, Ptarmigan ; Colour-Change in Chameleons ; 

 Colour-Change in Amphibians — Common Frog; Colour-Change in Fishes — 

 Plaice, Trout, Lumpsucker; Colour-change in Molluscs— Sea-Slugs ; Colour- 

 Change in Crustaceans — ^sop Prawn; Colour-Change in Insects — Peppered 

 Moth, Small Tortoise-shell Butterfly ..--..-_ 289 



Constant Special Protective Resemblance — Sloths, Pangolins ; Coot, Moorhen, 

 Grebes, Young Plovers; Australian Sea-Horses ; Sea-Slugs; Stick-Caterpillars, 

 Leaf-Butterflies, Buff-tip Moth, Stick- and Leaf-Insects ; Spiders ... 294 



Variable Special Protective Resemblance — Leaf-Butterflies, Caterpillars of Early 



Thorn Moth ---. _. 300 



CHAPTER XXVI.— ANIMAL DEFENCES— BODILY CHARAC- 

 TERISTICS PRODUCING CONSPICUOUSNESS 



Conspicuousness: — Genuine Warning and Spurious Warning (Mimicry) - - 301 



Genuine Warning — Skunk; Coral Snakes, Cobras, Puff-Adders, Rattlesnakes; 

 Spotted Salamander, Nicaraguan Frog, Siamese Toad, Horned Toad; Weever- 

 Fish, Globe-Fishes ; Ascidians, Acorn-headed Worms ; Sea-Slugs ; Wasps, 

 Hornets, Bees, Black-veined Brown, Magpie Moth, Conspicuous Caterpillars, 

 Lady-bird ; Spiders ; Bristle- Worms ; Planarian Worms ; Sea- Anemones, Corals, 

 Jelly-Fishes 301 



Spurious Warning (Mimicry) — Cuckoos, Orioles ; American Snakes ; Mimicking 

 Butterflies, White Ermine Moth, Clear-wing Moths, Caterpillars of Lobster- 

 Moth, Puss-Moth, and Hawk-Moths, Drone-Fly, Mimicking Beetles, Mimicking 

 Grasshoppers and Crickets, Praying Mantis, Mimicking Plant-Bugs ; Mimick- 

 ing Spiders 309 



